Table 1. Oral health and baseline characteristics in ADVANCE (N=10,958 men and women).
| Number of natural teeth | P-value | Days of bleeding gums | P-value | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| >=22 teetha (n=4476) | 1-21 teeth (n=4174) | 0 teeth (n=2308) | 0 days* (n=9553) | <12 days (n=686) | >=12 days (n=719) | |||
| Age at baseline examination (yr)b | 63.91 (5.9) | 66.25 (6.2) | 68.62 (6.4) | 0.001 | 66.08 (6.4) | 64.16 (6.0) | 63.59 ( 5.93) | 0.001 |
| Age at completion of education (yr) | 19.34 (7.59) | 18.26 (7.2) | 17.02 (6.5) | 0.001 | 18.30 (7.2) | 19.42 (7.93) | 19.45 (7.61) | 0.001 |
| Haemoglobin A1c (%) | 7.53 (1.6) | 7.53 (1.6) | 7.47 (1.5) | 0.18 | 7.50 (1.55) | 7.57 (1.54) | 7.64 (1.62) | 0.012 |
| Height (cm) | 165.6 (9) | 166.0 (9.4) | 165.6 (10.0) | 0.58 | 165.7 (9.43) | 166.0 (9.14) | 166.5 (9.12) | 0.01 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 27.35 (4.8) | 28.88 (5.3) | 29.24 (5.4) | 0.001 | 28.24 (5.17) | 28.42 (5.08) | 29.47 (5.37) | 0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.20 (1.2) | 5.22 (1.2) | 5.12 (1.1) | 0.02 | 5.19 (1.19) | 5.11 (1.19) | 5.27 (1.25) | 0.41 |
| High Density Lipoprotein (mmol/L) | 1.27 (0.4) | 1.25 (0.3) | 1.24 (0.3) | 0.001 | 1.26 (0.35) | 1.24 (0.36) | 1.25 (0.35) | 0.29 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 142.0 (20.6) | 146.3 (21.6) | 148.4 (22.5) | 0.001 | 145.2 (21.56) | 142.8 (20.63) | 144.4 (21.91) | 0.05 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 80.42 (10.6) | 81.01 (11.2) | 80.22 (11.1) | 0.95 | 80.48 (10.90) | 80.84 (10.55) | 82.01 (11.48) | 0.001 |
| Resting heart rate (BPM) | 74.58 (11.8) | 74.11 (12.1) | 73.16 (12.5) | 0.001 | 74.12 (12.09) | 74.59 (12.21) | 73.40 (11.69) | 0.32 |
| Serum creatinine (umol/L) | 84.42 (25.5) | 87.52 (26.1) | 89.05 (23.7) | 0.001 | 86.87 (25.98) | 85.08 (21.28) | 84.10 (20.57) | 0.001 |
| Cognitive function (MMSE) | 28.79 (1.8) | 28.37 (1.9) | 28.20 (2.1) | 0.001 | 28.50 (1.92) | 28.56 (1.77) | 28.61 (1.73) | 0.08 |
| Quality of life (EQ-5d) | 0.84 (0.2) | 0.81 (0.2) | 0.80 (0.2) | 0.001 | 0.82 (0.19) | 0.81 (0.20) | 0.79 (0.21) | 0.001 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 7.89 (6.1) | 8.01 ( 6.5) | 7.89 (6.5) | 0.82 | 7.97 (6.40) | 7.98 (5.93) | 7.43 (6.22) | 0.05 |
| No. occasions exercise ≤15 mins/week | 3.78 (6.4) | 3.18 (5.6) | 3.00 (5.0) | 0.001 | 3.39 ( 5.68) | 3.23 ( 5.98) | 3.54 (7.33) | 0.72 |
| Current number of drinks/week | 2.92 (8.16) | 3.07 (7.82) | 3.00 (7.4) | 0.57 | 2.92 (7.8) | 3.61 (8.2) | 3.35 (8.9) | 0.035 |
| Femalec | 1795 (40.1) | 1751 (42.0) | 1099 (47.6) | 0.001 | 4063 (42.5) | 271 (39.5) | 311 (43.3) | 0.27 |
| Caucasian/European ethnicity | 1712 (38.2) | 2917 (69.9) | 1920 (83.2) | 0.001 | 5677 (59.4) | 399 (58.2) | 473 (65.8) | 0.001 |
| Current cigarettes smoker | 554 (12.4) | 613 (14.7) | 351 (15.2) | 0.004 | 1362 (14.3) | 95 (13.8) | 61 (8.5) | 0.001 |
| Use of Metformin or Beta-blocker | 3120 (69.7) | 2973 (71.2) | 1645 (71.3) | 0.22 | 6766 (70.8) | 482 (70.3) | 490 (68.2) | 0.24 |
| Require assistance with daily activities | 94 (2.1) | 141 (3.4) | 133 (5.8) | 0.001 | 324 (3.4) | 16 (2.3) | 28 (3.9) | 0.24 |
| History of major macrovascular disease | 1339 (29.9) | 1385 (33.2) | 800 (34.7) | 0.001 | 3064 (32.1) | 213 (31.0) | 247 (34.4) | 0.36 |
| History of major microvascular disease | 426 (9.5) | 448 (10.7) | 271 (11.7) | 0.013 | 998 (10.4) | 80 (11.7) | 67 (9.3) | 0.36 |
| History of major diabetic disease | 309 (6.9) | 298 (7.1) | 180 (7.8) | 0.40 | 688 (7.2) | 51 (7.4) | 48 (6.7) | 0.84 |
a
better oral health
b
results presented here and below are mean (SD)
c
results presented here and below are N (%)