Table 2.
Mean size of brain regions across the four study groups.
| Brain Region | Group | ANOVA | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. FAS/PFAS |
2. SE/AE |
3. ND/AE |
4. Control |
Overall | Post Hoc |
A Priori Contrasts | ||||||||||
| LT | Groups 1 vs 2C |
|||||||||||||||
| N | Mean | (SD) | N | Mean | (SD) | N | Mean | (SD) | N | Mean | (SD) | F (p) B | Duncan C | F (p) D | T (p) D | |
| Total Brain volume (cm3) | 20 | 1217.8 | (183.4 | 24 | 1284.7 | (180.0) | 21 | 1305.0 | (95.1) | 16 | 1370.5 | (99.3) | 3.2 (.03) | 123,234 | 9.3 (.003) | 1.5 (.14) |
| Total Brain midsaggital area (cm2) | 20 | 6.7 | (.8) | 24 | 7.1 | (.8) | 21 | 7.2 | (.4) | 14 | 7.6 | (.7) | 5.0 (.003) | 12,234 | 14.1 (.000) | 2.1 (.04) |
| Frontal Lobe volume (cm3) | 19 | 346.1 | (61.7) | 23 | 385.7 | (59.7) | 20 | 391.3 | (41.1) | 16 | 419.8 | (45.6) | 5.7 (.001) | 1,234 | 16.0 (.000) | 2.4 (.02) |
| A Frontal Lobe/Total Brain | 17 | .283 | (.03) | 23 | .301 | (.03) | 20 | .300 | (.02) | 16 | .306 | (.02) | 3.0 (.03) | 1,234 | 5.4 (.02) | 2.0 (.05) |
| Frontal Lobe/Total Brain | 19 | .286 | (.03) | 23 | .301 | (.03) | 20 | .300 | (.02) | 16 | .306 | (.02) | 1.9 (.14) | 4.5 (.04) | ||
| Frontal Lobe gray matter volume (cm3) | 19 | 190.6 | (38.1) | 22 | 216.2 | (33.7) | 20 | 220.8 | (28.6) | 15 | 235.4 | (28.3) | 5.7 (.001) | 1,234 | 15.5 (.000) | 2.5 (.01) |
| Frontal Lobe % gray matter | 19 | .550 | (.04) | 22 | .564 | (.03) | 20 | .563 | (.04) | 15 | .559 | (.03) | 0.7 (.53) | 0.5 (.50) | ||
| Frontal Lobe white matter volume (cm3) | 19 | 155.4 | (28.6) | 22 | 167.5 | (31.8) | 20 | 171.0 | (22.9) | 15 | 186.0 | (24.7) | 3.5 (.002) | 123,234 | 10.3 (.002) | 1.4 (.17) |
| Frontal Lobe %white matter | 19 | .450 | (.04) | 22 | .436 | (.03) | 20 | .437 | (.04) | 1 | .441 | (.03) | 0.7 (.53) | 0.5 (.50) | ||
| R. Caudate volume (cm3) | 19 | 3.8 | (.5) | 24 | 3.9 | (.9) | 21 | 4.5 | (.4) | 16 | 4.8 | (.5) | 12.2 (.000) | 12,34 | 33.7 (.000) | 0.7 (.46) |
| L. Caudate volume (cm3) | 19 | 3.7 | (.5) | 24 | 3.9 | (.9) | 21 | 4.4 | (.6) | 16 | 4.8 | (.6) | 10.2 (.000) | 12,3,4 | 29.4 (.000) | 0.9 (.36) |
| Total Caudate volume (cm3) | 19 | 7.4 | (1.0) | 24 | 7.8 | (1.7) | 21 | 8.8 | (.9) | 16 | 9.6 | (1.1) | 11.6 (.000) | 12,34 | 32.8 (.000) | 0.9 (.39) |
| Total Caudate/Total Brain (10−2) | 19 | .618 | (.09) | 24 | .608 | (.12) | 21 | .679 | (.78) | 16 | .705 | (.86) | 4.6 (.005) | 12,23,34 | 10.5 (.002) | 0.4 (.73) |
| Caudate + Putamen volume (cm3) | 19 | 14.0 | (2.3) | 24 | 15.2 | (2.6) | 21 | 16.4 | (1.8) | 16 | 17.2 | (2.0) | 7.2 (.000) | 12,23,34 | 8.8 (.04) | 1.8 (.08) |
| R. Putamen volume (cm3) | 19 | 3.3 | (.8) | 24 | 3.7 | (.9) | 21 | 3.8 | (.6) | 16 | 3.8 | (.7) | 2.3 (.08) | 5.2 (.03) | ||
| L. Putamen volume (cm3) | 19 | 3.3 | (.8) | 24 | 3.8 | (.7) | 21 | 3.8 | (.7) | 16 | 3.7 | (.7) | 1.8 (.15) | 2.7 (.11) | ||
| Total Putamen volume (cm3) | 19 | 6.6 | (1.5) | 24 | 7.4 | (1.6) | 21 | 7.6 | (1.2) | 16 | 7.6 | (1.3) | 2.9 (.04) | 12,234 | 4.4 (.04) | 2.0 (.04) |
| A Total Putamen volume (cm3) | 17 | 6.7 | (1.5) | 24 | 7.4 | (1.6) | 21 | 7.6 | (1.2) | 16 | 7.6 | (1.3) | 1.7 (.18) | 3.4 (.07) | ||
| Total Putamen /Total Brain (10−2) | 19 | .546 | (.12) | 24 | .582 | (.12) | 21 | .584 | (.09) | 16 | .550 | (.08) | 0.8 (.53) | 0.1 (.91) | ||
| R. Hippocampus volume (cm3) | 20 | 2.9 | (.5) | 24 | 3.0 | (.4) | 21 | 3.1 | (.5) | 16 | 3.4 | (.5) | 5.1 (.003) | 123,4 | 14.7 (.000) | 1.0 (.29) |
| L. Hippocampus volume (cm3) | 20 | 2.9 | (.5) | 24 | 2.9 | (.4) | 21 | 3.1 | (.4) | 16 | 3.4 | (.6) | 4.5 (.006) | 123,4 | 12.6 (.001) | 0.5 (.63) |
| Total Hippocampus volume (cm3) | 20 | 5.7 | (1.0) | 24 | 5.9 | (.8) | 21 | 6.2 | (.8) | 16 | 6.8 | (1.0) | 5.1 (.003) | 123,4 | 14.6 (.000) | 0.8 (.43) |
| Total Hippocampus / Total Brain (10−2) | 20 | .473 | (.07) | 24 | .470 | (.09) | 21 | .478 | (.08) | 16 | .501 | (.07) | 0.6 (.64) | 1.3 (.26) | ||
| CC: midsagittal area (cm2) | 20 | 4.12 | (1.3) | 24 | 4.45 | (.8) | 21 | 4.35 | (.7) | 16 | 4.64 | (.7) | 1.0 (.38) | 2.3 (.13) | ||
| CC: Region 1 (genu) (cm2) | 20 | 1.15 | (.4) | 24 | 1.21 | (.3) | 21 | 1.19 | (.2) | 16 | 1.34 | (.2) | 1.5 (.22) | 123,234 | 3.6 (.06) | |
| CC: Region 2 (cm2)D | 20 | .74 | (.2) | 24 | .76 | (.2) | 21 | .72 | (.1) | 16 | .76 | (.2) | 0.2 (.90) | 0.1 (.92) | ||
| CC: Region 3 (cm2) | 20 | .63 | (.2) | 24 | .64 | (.1) | 21 | .63 | (.1) | 16 | .70 | (.1) | 0.6 (.58) | 1.4 (.25) | ||
| CC: Region 4 (cm2) | 20 | .55 | (.2) | 24 | .62 | (.1) | 21 | .61 | (.2) | 16 | .63 | (.2) | 0.8 (.48) | 1.6 (.21) | ||
| CC: Region 5 (splenium) (cm2) | 20 | 1.04 | (.4) | 24 | 1.21 | (.3) | 21 | 1.18 | (.3) | 16 | 1.22 | (.2) | 1.5 (.23) | 2.4 (.13) | ||
| A CC: Length (cm) | 18 | 6.75 | (.7) | 24 | 6.75 | (.8) | 21 | 6.99 | (.4) | 16 | 7.41 | (.5) | 3.9 (.01) | 123,4 | 9.9 (.002) | 0.1 (.99) |
| CC: Length (cm) | 20 | 6.26 | (1.8) | 24 | 6.75 | (.8) | 21 | 6.99 | (.4) | 16 | 7.41 | (.5) | 3.9 (.01) | 123,234 | 11.5 (.001) | 1.6 (.13) |
| CC / Brain midsaggital Area | 20 | .614 | (.18) | 24 | .631 | (.12) | 21 | .602 | (.09) | 14 | .611 | (.10) | 0.3 (.83) | 0.1 (.80) | ||
| CC / Brain midsaggital area: Region 1 genu | 20 | .171 | (.05) | 24 | .171 | (.04) | 21 | .165 | (.03) | 16 | .175 | (.02) | 0.3 (.85) | 0.1 (.84) | ||
| A CC / Brain midsaggital area: Region 2 | 18 | .117 | (.02) | 24 | .108 | (.04) | 21 | .100 | (.02) | 16 | .099 | (.02) | 1.5 (.22) | 5.4 (.02) | ||
| CC / Brain midsaggital area: Region 2 | 20 | .111 | (.04) | 24 | .108 | (.04) | 21 | .100 | (.02) | 16 | .099 | (.02) | 0.7 (.57) | 2.0 (.16) | ||
| CC / Brain midsaggital area: Region 3 | 20 | .092 | (.03) | 24 | .092 | (.02) | 21 | .088 | (.02) | 16 | .091 | (.02) | 0.2 (.93) | 0.1 (.71) | ||
| CC / Brain midsaggital area: Region 4 | 20 | .082 | (.03) | 24 | .089 | (.02) | 21 | .085 | (.02) | 16 | .084 | (.02) | 0.4 (.44) | 0.0 (.96) | ||
| CC /Brain midsaggital area: Region 5 | 20 | .154 | (.06) | 24 | .172 | (.04) | 21 | .163 | (.03) | 14 | .161 | (.04) | 0.8 (.49) | 0.1 (.79) | ||
| Total CV: midsagittal area (cm2) | 20 | 7.4 | (.8) | 24 | 8.4 | (1.6) | 21 | 7.9 | (1.3) | 16 | 8.4 | (1.6) | 3.4 (.02) | 13,234 | 5.2 (.03) | 2.7 (.009) |
| CV: Lobules I–V midsagittal area (cm2) | 20 | 2.9 | (.4) | 24 | 3.3 | (.5) | 21 | 3.1 | (.4) | 16 | 3.4 | (.5) | 5.4 (.002) | 13,23,24 | 8.2 (.005) | 3.3 (.002) |
| CV: Lobules VI–VII midsagittal area (cm2) | 20 | 2.1 | (.4) | 24 | 2.4 | (.6) | 21 | 2.4 | (1.0) | 16 | 2.4 | (.5) | 1.1 (.35) | 1.9 (.18) | ||
| CV: Lobules VIII–X midsagittal area (cm2) | 20 | 2.5 | (.3) | 24 | 2.7 | (.7) | 21 | 2.4 | (.3) | 16 | 2.7 | (.4) | 2.5 (.07) | 1.6 (.21) | ||
| Total CV / Brain midsaggital area. | 20 | 1.1 | (.2) | 24 | 1.2 | (.2) | 21 | 1.1 | (.2) | 14 | 1.1 | (.1) | 0.9 (.41) | 0.1 (.79) | ||
Abbreviations: CC: corpus callosum. CV: cerebellar vermis. Duncan: multiple comparison range test; commas separate groups with homogeneous means at p < 0.05. F: f statistic. L: Left. LT: ANOVA unweighted linear trend across the four study groups. Note, all significant linear trends remain significant with exclusion of the Control group. p: p-value. SD: standard deviation. R: right. T: t statistic from ANOVA a priori contrast. FAS, fetal alcohol syndrome; PFAS, partial FAS; SE, static encephalopathy; AE, alcohol exposed; ND, neurobehavioral disorder.
Notations:
A
Two subjects with agenesis and hypogenesis of the corpus callosum removed from FAS/PFAS group.
B
Numerator degrees of freedom = 3; denominator df = total sample size minus 4.
C
Only reported when overall ANOVA is statistically significant.
D
Numerator degrees of freedom = 1; denominator df = total sample size minus 4.