Table 1.
Key sample characteristics, 2001–2012
| School Districts (n=117) | N | n | Median n per district per year (IQR; range) |
|---|---|---|---|
| School districts containing at least one American Indian tribal land | 117 | 22,863 | 12 (4, 28; 1, 167) |
| School districts that receive a new casino | 19 | 2,238 | 7 (3, 13; 1, 89) |
| School districts that experience a casino expansion | 38 | 12,940 | 25 (9, 46; 1, 146) |
| School districts that have a casino but do not expand the size of the casino | 24 | 4,815 | 15 (6, 25; 1, 167) |
| School districts that never have a casino | 36 | 2,870 | 6 (2, 13; 1, 63) |
| Student sample characteristics (n=22,863 observations) | Mean (SD) | N (%) | Median (IQR) |
| Mean slot machines per capitaa | 7 (12) | 3 (0.3, 8) | |
| Mean slot machines per capita in 2001 | 4 (6) | ||
| Mean slot machines per capita in 2012 | 8 (13) | ||
| Change in slot machines for those that gained or expanded a casino | 13 (19) | 3 (1, 11) | |
| Prevalence of overweight/obesityb among American Indian school childrenc (total n=22,863) | 11,048 (48%) | ||
| Prevalence of overweight/obesity among American Indian school children in 2001 (total n=1,484) | 650 (44%) | ||
| Prevalence of overweight/obesity among American Indian school children in 2012 (total n=1,961) | 980 (50%) | ||
| Mean body mass index z-scored among American Indian school childrenc | 0.92 (1.07) | 0.98 (0.2, 1.8) | |
| Age (years)c | 13 (1.7) | ||
| Malec (total n=22,863) | 11,413 (50%) | ||
| Tribal land characteristicse | Median (IQR) | ||
| Mean Per capita annual income (US$) | 16,719 (21,200) | 11,414 (7,988, 17,219) | |
| Median annual household income (US$) | 41,138 (36,221) | 30,881 (21,269, 47,719) | |
| Mean percent of the population living in poverty | 42 (31) | ||
| Mean percent of the population employed | 80 (22) | ||
| Total population size | 163 (294) | 70 (19, 172) |
Slot machines per capita was calculated for each school district in every year and represents the number of slot machines per single-race American Indian living on tribal lands within the school district; places zero slot machines are included in the estimate.
Overweight/obesity was defined as ≥85th percentile for age- and sex-specific body mass index (BMI) based on the 2000 CDC/NCHS growth charts.14
Based on 22,863 observations between years 2001–2012.
Body Mass Index z-score was based on the age- and sex-specific 2000 CDC/NCHS growth charts.
Tribal land characteristics were derived from 1990, 2000, and 2010 US Census and American Community Survey aggregate summary files for people who live on the tribal land and report their ethnicity as single-race American Indian. Median household income for single-race AIAN populations was not reported in US Census 1990. Income was deflated to year 2000 values.