Table 2.

Tribal land fixed effects linear regression for the relationship between casino slot machines per capita^a with economic indicators and population size^b among American Indian populations living on tribal lands

	Per Capita Annual Income (US$)	p-value	Median Annual Household Income (US$)	p-value	Percent in Poverty	p-value	Percent Employed (over age 16)	p-value	Population size	p-value
									Beta (95% Confidence Interval)
Per every slot machine per capita on tribal land	541 (245, 836)	<0.001	741 (−48, 1,529)+	0.065	−0.6 (−1.1, − 0.20)	<0.001	−0.03 (− 0.45, 0.39)	0.89	−0.06 (−0.20, 0.08)	0.415
Year
1990	Referent		--		Referent		Referent		Referent
2000	5,756 (1,418, 10,093)	0.01	Referent		−31 (−39, − 23)	0.001	3 (−3, 10)	0.35	20 (2, 39)	0.03
2010	7,973 (3,087, 12,859)	0.002	7,970 (−2,669, 18,610)	0.01	−31 (−40, − 23)	<0.001	9 (2, 16)	0.02	47 (28, 66)	<0.001
Constant	10,288 (7,117, 13,459)	<0.001	33,649 (26,667, 40,631)	<0.001	66 (61, 72.)	<0.001	76 (71, 81)	<0.001	141 (128, 154)	<0.001
Observations	243		164		248		234		291
Tribal lands	94		92		95		92		99

CI: Confidence Interval

^aSlot machines per capita was approximated by the number of slot machines per American Indian for each tribal land, using an average of the 2000 and 2010 US Censes values. The total number of slots was time-varying, depending on casino opening dates and expansion dates.

^bAverage per capita annual income, percent in poverty, percent employed for each tribal land were from 1990, 2000, and 2010 US Census and American Community Survey summary for people who live on the tribal land and report their ethnicity as single-race American Indian. Median household income for single-race AIAN populations was not reported in US Census 1990. Income was deflated to year 2000 values.