Table 2.
Prevalence of GERD in relation to lifestyle of subjects in Shiraz, southern Iran (n = 1978)
| Life style and dietary habits |
GERD symptoms (%) |
P value | ||
| Present | Absent | |||
| Pickle | Yes | 22.1 | 77.9 | < 0.001 |
| No | 12.8 | 87.2 | ||
| Salt | No | 15 | 85 | 0.458 |
| Yes | 16.3 | 83.7 | ||
| Fried food | No | 24 | 76 | 0.005 |
| Yes | 14.8 | 85.2 | ||
| Fast food | No | 15.7 | 84.3 | 0.518 |
| Yes | 14.5 | 85.5 | ||
| Fiber (fruit and vegetables) | No | 30.2 | 69.8 | < 0.001 |
| Yes | 14.6 | 85.4 | ||
| Cigarette | No | 15.9 | 84.1 | 0.055 |
| Yes | 10.8 | 89.2 | ||
| Water pipe | No | 14.8 | 85.2 | 0.096 |
| Yes | 18.7 | 81.3 | ||
| Tea | No | 16.1 | 83.9 | 0.465 |
| Yes | 14.9 | 85.1 | ||
| Coffee | No | 15.4 | 84.6 | 0.701 |
| Yes | 12.9 | 87.1 | ||
| Spirit with meal | No | 16.7 | 83.3 | 0.095 |
| Yes | 14 | 86 | ||
| Water with meal | No | 17.6 | 82.4 | 0.063 |
| Yes | 14.3 | 85.7 | ||
| Alcohol | No | 9.7 | 90.3 | 0.205 |
| Yes | 15.6 | 84.4 | ||
| Feeding duration (min) | < 10 | 16.5 | 83.5 | |
| 10-20 | 14.5 | 85.5 | 0.519 | |
| > 20 | 16.1 | 83.9 | ||
| Aspirin | No | 14.7 | 85.3 | 0.02 |
| Yes | 21 | 79 | ||
| NSAIDs |
No |
14.5 |
85.5 |
0.067 |
| Yes | 17.9 | 82.1 | ||
GERD: Gastroesophageal reflux disease; NSAIDs: Non–steroidal anti–inflammatory drugs.