Table 3.

Perioperative risk factors for pancreatic fistula

	Pancreatic fistula (+) (n = 24)	P value
Age (yr)	62.3 ± 10.2	0.565
Male:Female	2:1	0.582
Preoperative disease
Diabetes mellitus	4 (7%, 4/54)	0.959
Laboratory findings
Hypoalbuminemia (3 < g/dL)	3 (9%, 3/33)	0.729
Hyperbilirubinemia (> 2 mg/dL)	14 (7%, 14/195)	0.665
Pathologic feature		0.039
Ampulla of Vater cancer	4 (5%, 4/80)
Common bile duct cancer	13 (16%, 13/84)
Pancreatic cancer	4 (4%, 4/91)
Duodenal cancer	0 (0%, 0/12)
Others	3 (8%, 3/36)
Type of resection		0.097
PPPD	22 (10%, 22/218)
Whipple's op.	2 (2%, 2/85)
Outer layer suture method		0.102
Interrupted	14 (11%, 14/133)
Continuous	10 (6%, 10/170)
Pancreas consistency		< 0.001
Hard	2 (2%, 2/87)
Firm	11 (7%, 11/162)
Soft	11 (20%, 11/54)
Total operative time (min)	383 ± 52	0.515
Estimated blood loss (mL)	564 ± 220	0.831
Use of prophylactic Octreotide	14 (7%, 14/205)	0.317
Lymph node metastasis		0.351
Yes	17 (9%, 17/197)
No	7 (7%, 7/106)
Positive resection margin		0.105
Yes	1 (4%, 1/26)
No	23 (8%, 23/277)