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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Oct 15.
Published in final edited form as: Biochem Pharmacol. 2014 Aug 12;91(4):417–425. doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.07.031

Figure 3. PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway signaling plasticity.

Figure 3

A. PI3K can become active, under physiologic conditions, via upstream RTK signaling and/or RAS. Activation of PI3K leads to downstream signal amplification through AKT and mTOR, resulting in increased protein translation, proliferation and survival. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling axis can regulate its own activity through the negative feedback loops shown, as well as from negative pathway regulators PTEN and NF-1. B. Known nodes within the pathway mutated/hyperactivated in cancer are shown. C. Adaptive signaling in response to PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibition is shown, resulting in therapy evasion.