Comparison 1.
All routine Doppler ultrasound versus no Doppler ultrasound
| Outcome or subgroup title | No. of studies | No. of participants | Statistical method | Effect size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 Any perinatal death after randomisation | 4 | 11190 | Risk Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 0.85 [0.47, 1.54] |
| 1.1 Fetal/umbilical vessels only | 2 | 5914 | Risk Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 0.51 [0.20, 1.29] |
| 1.2 Fetal/umbilical vessels + uterine artery | 2 | 5276 | Risk Ratio (IV, Random, 95% CI) | 1.06 [0.47, 2.38] |
| 2 Serious neonatal morbidity | 1 | 2016 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 0.99 [0.06, 15.75] |
| 2.1 Fetal/umbilical vessels only | 1 | 2016 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 0.99 [0.06, 15.75] |
| 2.2 Fetal/umbilical vessels + uterine artery | 0 | 0 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | Not estimable |
| 3 Stillbirth | 4 | 12160 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Random, 95% CI) | 0.79 [0.32, 1.97] |
| 3.1 Fetal/umbilical vessels only | 2 | 6884 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Random, 95% CI) | 0.34 [0.12, 0.95] |
| 3.2 Fetal/umbilical vessels + uterine artery | 2 | 5276 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Random, 95% CI) | 1.41 [0.44, 4.46] |
| 4 Neonatal death | 3 | 9174 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Random, 95% CI) | 0.69 [0.09, 5.23] |
| 4.1 Fetal/umbilical vessels only | 1 | 3898 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Random, 95% CI) | 0.25 [0.03, 2.23] |
| 4.2 Fetal/umbilical vessels + uterine artery | 2 | 5276 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Random, 95% CI) | 1.44 [0.04, 54.93] |
| 5 Potentially preventable perinatal death | 3 | 9359 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Random, 95% CI) | 0.82 [0.15, 4.67] |
| 5.1 Fetal/umbilical vessels only | 2 | 6884 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Random, 95% CI) | 0.35 [0.12, 0.99] |
| 5.2 Fetal/umbilical vessels + uterine artery | 1 | 2475 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Random, 95% CI) | 3.95 [1.32, 11.77] |
| 6 Fetal acidosis | 1 | 1518 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 1.04 [0.87, 1.25] |
| 6.1 Fetal/umbilical vessels only | 1 | 1518 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 1.04 [0.87, 1.25] |
| 6.2 Fetal/umbilical vessels + uterine artery | 0 | 0 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | Not estimable |
| 7 Apgar score < 7 at 5 minutes | 4 | 11375 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 0.88 [0.56, 1.39] |
| 7.1 Fetal/umbilical vessels only | 3 | 8900 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 0.78 [0.47, 1.29] |
| 7.2 Fetal/umbilical vessels + uterine artery | 1 | 2475 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 1.48 [0.53, 4.14] |
| 8 Caesarean section (elective and emergency) | 2 | 6373 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 0.98 [0.85, 1.13] |
| 8.1 Fetal/umbilical vessels only | 1 | 3898 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 0.99 [0.84, 1.16] |
| 8.2 Fetal/umbilical vessels + uterine artery | 1 | 2475 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 0.98 [0.74, 1.29] |
| 9 Elective caesarean section | 4 | 11375 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 1.01 [0.87, 1.18] |
| 9.1 Fetal/umbilical vessels only | 3 | 8900 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 1.03 [0.87, 1.23] |
| 9.2 Fetal/umbilical vessels + uterine artery | 1 | 2475 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 0.95 [0.70, 1.28] |
| 10 Emergency caesarean section | 2 | 6373 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 0.93 [0.74, 1.18] |
| 10.1 Fetal/umbilical vessels only | 1 | 3898 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 0.91 [0.71, 1.17] |
| 10.2 Fetal/umbilical vessels + uterine artery | 1 | 2475 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 1.17 [0.52, 2.59] |
| 11 Spontaneous vaginal birth | 2 | 6373 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 0.99 [0.96, 1.02] |
| 11.1 Fetal/umbilical vessels only | 1 | 3898 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 0.98 [0.94, 1.02] |
| 11.2 Fetal/umbilical vessels + uterine artery | 1 | 2475 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 1.00 [0.95, 1.06] |
| 12 Operative vaginal birth | 2 | 6884 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 1.04 [0.96, 1.12] |
| 12.1 Fetal/umbilical vessels only | 2 | 6884 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 1.04 [0.96, 1.12] |
| 12.2 Fetal/umbilical vessels + uterine artery | 0 | 0 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | Not estimable |
| 13 Induction of labour | 4 | 11190 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 1.04 [0.97, 1.12] |
| 13.1 Fetal/umbilical vessels only | 2 | 5914 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 1.09 [0.97, 1.22] |
| 13.2 Fetal/umbilical vessels + uterine artery | 2 | 5276 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 1.01 [0.93, 1.10] |
| 14 Neonatal resuscitation | 2 | 6373 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 1.02 [0.84, 1.24] |
| 14.1 Fetal/umbilical vessels only | 1 | 3898 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 1.01 [0.80, 1.27] |
| 14.2 Fetal/umbilical vessels + uterine artery | 1 | 2475 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 1.06 [0.74, 1.52] |
| 15 Infant intubation/ventilation | 1 | 2986 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 0.99 [0.54, 1.81] |
| 15.1 Fetal/umbilical vessels only | 1 | 2986 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 0.99 [0.54, 1.81] |
| 15.2 Fetal/umbilical vessels + uterine artery | 0 | 0 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | Not estimable |
| 16 Neonatal seizures/fits | 0 | 0 | Odds Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | Not estimable |
| 16.1 Fetal/umbilical vessels only | 0 | 0 | Odds Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | Not estimable |
| 16.2 Fetal/umbilical vessels + uterine artery | 0 | 0 | Odds Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | Not estimable |
| 17 Preterm birth (before 37 weeks) | 4 | 12162 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 1.02 [0.87, 1.18] |
| 17.1 Fetal/umbilical vessels only | 2 | 6884 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 1.02 [0.81, 1.29] |
| 17.2 Fetal/umbilical vessels + uterine artery | 2 | 5278 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 1.02 [0.83, 1.24] |
| 18 Infant respiratory distress syndrome | 0 | 0 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | Not estimable |
| 18.1 Fetal/umbilical vessels only | 0 | 0 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | Not estimable |
| 18.2 Fetal/umbilical vessels + uterine artery | 0 | 0 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | Not estimable |
| 19 Meconium aspiration | 0 | 0 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | Not estimable |
| 19.1 Fetal/umbilical vessels only | 0 | 0 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | Not estimable |
| 19.2 Fetal/umbilical vessels + uterine artery | 0 | 0 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | Not estimable |
| 20 Neonatal admission to SCBU/NICU | 3 | 7477 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 0.99 [0.84, 1.17] |
| 20.1 Fetal/umbilical vessels only | 2 | 5002 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 0.99 [0.82, 1.18] |
| 20.2 Fetal/umbilical vessels + uterine artery | 1 | 2475 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | 1.01 [0.67, 1.53] |
| 21 Women’s views/satisfaction | 0 | 0 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | Not estimable |
| 21.1 Fetal/umbilical vessels only | 0 | 0 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | Not estimable |
| 21.2 Fetal/umbilical vessels + uterine artery | 0 | 0 | Risk Ratio (M-H, Fixed, 95% CI) | Not estimable |
| 22 Birthweight | 2 | 5914 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | −17.55 [−42.23, 7.13] |
| 22.1 Fetal/umbilical vessels only | 2 | 5914 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | −17.55 [−42.23, 7.13] |
| 22.2 Fetal/umbilical vessels + uterine artery | 0 | 0 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | Not estimable |
| 23 Gestational age at birth | 2 | 5914 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | −0.08 [−0.16, −0.00] |
| 23.1 Fetal/umbilical vessels only | 2 | 5914 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | −0.08 [−0.16, −0.00] |
| 23.2 Fetal/umbilical vessels + uterine artery | 0 | 0 | Mean Difference (IV, Fixed, 95% CI) | Not estimable |