Karon 1981.

Methods	Allocation: randomised, no further details. Blindness: unclear, 'blind outcome evaluations'. Duration: 20 months. Setting: inpatients and outpatients.
Participants	Diagnosis: mostly schizophrenia. N=36. Age: not reported. Sex: not reported. Inclusion criteria: aim to include 'acutely ill, but clearly schizophrenic' participants, first admission. Exclusion criteria: no history of ECT, or insulin shock treatment; no organic brain damage; no history of alcoholism, or drug addiction. History: it later emerged that about one third of participants had been previously hospitalised; range 7 to 72 days, mean 23.7 days.
Interventions	1. Psychotherapy without medication. N=12. 2. Psychotherapy with medication (phenothiazines, typically 400 mg/day chlorpromazine or equivalent). N=12. 3. Hospital comparison with medication (phenothiazines, typically 400 mg/day chlorpromazine or equivalent). N=12.
Outcomes	Re‐hospitalisation. Unable to use ‐ Cognitive functions: WAIS (no usable data). Days hospitalised: no SD. Leaving the study early: no usable data.
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Adequate sequence generation?	Unclear risk	Randomised, no further details.
Allocation concealment?	Unclear risk	No further details.
Blinding? All outcomes	High risk	Not reported for therapists or participants, probably open design.
Incomplete outcome data addressed? All outcomes	High risk	Study attrition not clearly reported.
Free of selective reporting?	Unclear risk	No details.
Free of other bias?	Unclear risk	No details.