May 1976.

Methods	Allocation: randomised, no further details. Blindness: open study. Duration: until discharge or 6 to12 months of treatment. Setting: Camarillo State hospital. Follow up after discharge (and from assigned interventions) up to five years.
Participants	Diagnosis: schizophrenia, no further details. N=228. Age: no details. Sex: men and women. Inclusion criteria: age 16 to 45 years; no evidence of organic brain damage or epilepsy; no major physical illness; no history of alcohol or drug addiction. Exclusions: people who were 'obviously not going to be discharged within two years', and those whose illness went into remission during 18‐day assessment period. History: first admission with no significant prior treatment.
Interventions	1. Individual psychotherapy. N=46. 2. Ataraxic drugs (trifluoperazine). N=48. 3. Individual psychotherapy and ataraxic drugs. N=44. 4. ECT. N=47. 5. Milieu therapy and ataraxic drugs. N=43.
Outcomes	Leaving the study early. Global impression: discharge from hospital. Menninger Health Sickness Scale. Medication use after discharge. Best level of functioning. Usable data available for three years. Unable to use ‐ Relapse: no usable data.
Notes
Risk of bias
Bias	Authors' judgement	Support for judgement
Adequate sequence generation?	Unclear risk	Randomised, no further details.
Allocation concealment?	Unclear risk	No further details.
Blinding? All outcomes	High risk	Open study.
Incomplete outcome data addressed? All outcomes	High risk	Study attrition not reported.
Free of selective reporting?	Unclear risk	No details.
Free of other bias?	Unclear risk	No details.