Table 1. Randomized clinical trials of prevention intervention among PLWHA1 , 2.
| Publication | Country (trial period) | No. of cities | Study participants | Description of interventions | Duration of follow-up (months) | Retention (%) | |||||||
| Venue of recruiting participants | Gender(%) | Risk group | No. of participants (Mean and range of age at baseline) | IG | CG | ||||||||
| IG | CG | ||||||||||||
| Cleary et al. [45], 1995 | USA (1986–1989) | 1 | ASOBS | 78% Male | Blood donors | Pre-intervention 135 Post-intervention 94 (32, 18–55+) | Pre-intervention 136 Post-intervention 106 (32, 18–55+) | Cognitive behavioral and skills training support group | Community referral program | 12 | IG: 70 CG: 78 | ||
| Kalichman et al. [46], 2001 | USA (N/A) | 1 | ABS, ASOBS | 70% Male | 89% MSM | Pre-intervention 185 Post-intervention 150F3 or 146F6 (40, N/A) | Pre-intervention 143 Post-intervention 121F3 or 110F6 (40, N/A) | Group intervention focused on strategies for practicing safer sexual behavior | Contact-matched, health-maintenance support group | 6 | IG: 79 CG: 77 | ||
| Margolin et al. [47], 2003 | USA (1997–2001) | 1 | ASOBS | 70% Male | IDU | Pre-intervention 45 Post-intervention 32F0 or 34F3 (41, N/A) | Pre-intervention 45 Post-intervention 32F0 or 29F3 (41, N/A) | Manual-Guided HIV+ harm reduction program | Enhanced methadone maintenance program | 3 | 82 | ||
| Sorensen et al. [48], 2003 | USA (1994–1998) | 1 | ASOBS | 73% Male | DU | Pre-intervention 92 Post-intervention 77F6, 73F12, 73F18 (39, N/A) | Pre-intervention 98 Post-intervention 82F6, 77F12, 77F18 (38, N/A) | Case management delivered by paraprofessionals | A brief contact condition | 18 | 79 | ||
| Richardson et al. [30], 2004 | USA (1998–2001) | 1 state | ASOBS | 86% Male | 74% MSM | Pre-intervention 265 A or 324B Post-intervention 175 A or 214B (38, ≥18) | Pre-intervention 297 Post-intervention 196 (39, ≥18) | A: gain-frame: positive consequences of safer sex B: loss-frame: negative consequences of unsafe sex | Attention-control: medication adherence | 7 | 66 | ||
| Rotheram-Borus et al. [10], 2004 | USA (1999–2004) | 3 | ASOBS, ABS, RDS, CBS | 78% Male | 69% MSM | Pre-intervention 59C or 61D Post-intervention 48C or 50D (23, 16–29) | Pre-intervention 55 Post-intervention 45 (23, 16–29) | C: telephone delivered intervention D: in-person delivered intervention | Delayed-intervention | 15 | 82 | ||
| Wingood et al. [49], 2004 | USA (1997–2001) | 2 states | ASOBS | Female | SAA | Pre-intervention 190 Post-intervention 176F6 or 162F12 (34, 18–50) | Pre-intervention 176 Post-intervention 165F6 or 159F12 (34, 18–50) | Sexual risk reduction and social networks | Adherence and nutrition | 12 | IG: 85 CG: 90 | ||
| Wolitski et al. [50], 2005 | USA (2000–2002) | 2 | CBS | Male | MSM | Pre-intervention 413 Post-intervention 358F3 or 375F6 (41, 20–89) | Pre-intervention 398 Post-intervention 335F3 or 354F6 (41, 20–89) | Enhanced intervention (safer sex information, learning activities, peer-led discussion groups) | Standard intervention (safer sex information) | 6 | IG: 91 CG: 89 | ||
| Naar-King et al. [16], 2006 | USA (N/A) | 1 | ASOBS | 51% Male | 41% MSM | Pre-intervention 25 Post-intervention 21 (21, 16–25) | Pre-intervention 26 Post-intervention 26 (21, 16–25) | Four-session motivational enhancement intervention | Wait-list control intervention | 6 | 80 | ||
| Purcell et al. [11], 2007 | USA (2001–2005) | 4 | CBS | 60% Male | IDU | Pre-intervention 486 Post-intervention 419F3, 402F6, 417F12 (42, 22–60) | Pre-intervention 480 Post-intervention 421F3, 404F6, 404F12 (42, 22–60) | Peer mentoring intervention | Video discussion intervention | 12 | IG: 86 CG: 84 | ||
| Gilbert et al. [17], 2008 | USA (2003–2006) | 1 | ASOBS | 79% Male | 51% MSM | Pre-intervention 240 Post-intervention 182F3 or 200F6 (43, ≥18) | Pre-intervention 231 Post-intervention 188F3 or 193F6 (44, ≥18) | Tailored risk-reduction counseling from a “Video Doctor” | Usual care | 6 | IG: 83 CG: 84 | ||
| Sikkema et al. [18], 2008 | USA (2002–2005) | 1 | CBS, ASOBS | 48% Male | People with CSA histories | Pre-intervention 102 Post-intervention 88F0, 88F4, 84F8, 81F12 (41, ≥18) | Pre-intervention 104 Post-intervention 95F0, 88F4, 87F8, 82F12 (42, ≥18) | HIV and trauma coping group experimental intervention | Time-matched HIV support group comparison | 12 | IG: 79 CG: 79 | ||
| Williams et al. [19], 2008 | USA (2003–2006) | 1 | ABS, ASOBS | Male | People with CSA histories | Pre-intervention 75 Post-intervention 70 (43, ≥18) | Pre-intervention 62 Post-intervention 58 (43, ≥18) | Sexual health intervention for men guided by cognitive-behavioral approaches | Standard health promotion Intervention | 6 | 93 | ||
| McKirnan et al. [12], 2010 | USA (2004–2006) | 1 | ASOBS | Male | MSM | Pre-intervention 166 Post-intervention 133F6 or 152F12(42, 18–50+) | Pre-intervention 151 Post-intervention 122F6 or 139F12 (42, 18–50+) | Peer-led treatment advocacy program, primary-care-based, individual counseling intervention | Standard care | 12 | IG: 92 CG: 94 | ||
| Myers et al. [20], 2010 | USA (2004–2007) | 13 | ASOBS | 70% Male | 52% MSM | Pre-intervention 768 E, 975 F, 758 G Post-intervention 583 E, 604 F, 333 G (N/A, ≥18) | Pre-intervention 1055 Post-intervention 612 (N/A, ≥18) | E: MCP-delivered intervention F: PS-delivered intervention G: interventions delivered by MCP and PS | Standard care | 12 | IG: 76A 62B 44C CG: 58 | ||
| Rose et al. [21], 2010 | USA (2004–2006) | 1 | ASOBS | 69% Male | SAA | Pre-intervention 181 Post-intervention 161 (43, 25–65) | Pre-intervention 205 Post-intervention 167 (43, 25–65) | HIV risk-reduction intervention | Standard care | 6 | IG: 89 CG: 81 | ||
| Rosser et al. [22], 2010 | USA (2005–2007) | 6 | ABS, CBS, ASOBS, WBS | Male | MSM | Pre-intervention 248H or 237I Post-intervention 197F6 ,H, 194F6 ,I 196F12 ,H,185F12 ,I 188F18 ,H, 184F18 ,I (N/A, 18–45+) | Pre-intervention 190 Post-intervention 166F6,161F12,155F18 (N/A, 18–45+) | H: Man to Man sexual health seminar; I: positive tailored sexual health seminar | Prevention video (men speaking out) | 18 | IG: 76A 78B CG: 82 | ||
| Teti et al. [13], 2010 | USA (2004–2007) | 1 | ASOBS, PRS, ABS | Female | 86% Black adults | Pre-intervention 92 Post-intervention 61F6, 46F12, 28F18 (40, 20–70) | Pre-intervention 92 Post-intervention 70F6, 52F12, 27F18 (38, 20–70) | Received messages, group-level, peer-led support intervention | Received brief messages | 18 | IG: 30 CG: 29 | ||
| Wolitski et al. [23], 2010 | USA (2004–2007) | 3 | ASOBS | 70% Male | Homeless and unstably housed adults | Pre-intervention 315 Post-intervention 301F6, 284F12, 274F18 (N/A, 18–50+) | Pre-intervention 315 Post-intervention 275F6, 266F12, 259F18 (N/A, 18–50+) | Immediate housing opportunities for people with AIDS rental assistance | Customary housing service | 18 | IG: 87 CG: 82 | ||
| Lovejoy et al. [24], 2011 | USA (2009–2010) | 5 | ABS, ASOBS | 54% Male | Middle-age and older adults | Pre-intervention 38 J or 39K Post-intervention 34F3 ,J,36 F6 ,K 36F3 ,J, 36 F6 ,K (53, 45–66) | Pre-intervention 23 Post-intervention 22F3,23F6 (53, 45–66) | J: 4-session TDMII K: 1-session TDMII | No | 6 | IG: 95A 92B CG: 100 | ||
| Golin et al. [14], 2012 | USA (2006–2009) | 2 | ASOBS | 65% Male | SAA | Pre-intervention 248 Post-intervention 206F4, 183F8, 154F12 (43, ≥18) | Pre-intervention 242 Post-intervention 206F4, 187F8, 155F12 (43, ≥18) | SafeTalk: 4-session MI-based safer sex program | New Leaf: 4-session heart-healthy attention-matched control program | 12 | 63 | ||
1
PLWHA: people living with HIV/AIDS; IG: intervention group; CG: control groups; ABS: advertisement-based sampling; CBS: community-based sampling; ASOBS: AIDS-service-organization-based sampling; PRS: peer-referral sampling; RDS: response-driven sampling; WBS: web-based sampling; MSM: men who have sex with men; DU: drug users; IDU: injection drug users; CSA: child sexual abuse; SAA: sexually active adults; MCP: medical care provider; PS: prevention specialist; TDMII: telephone-delivered motivational interviewing interventions; N/A: not available;
2
Some studies explored 2–3 intervention groups, including A: gain-frame positive consequences of safer sex; B: loss-frame, negative consequences of unsafe sex; C: telephone delivered intervention; D: in-person delivered intervention; E: medical care provider-delivered intervention; F: prevention specialist-delivered intervention; G: interventions delivered by primary care providers and prevention specialists; H: Man to Man sexual health seminar; I: positive tailored sexual health seminar; J: 4-session telephone-delivered motivational interviewing intervention; K: 1-session telephone-delivered motivational interviewing intervention;
F0
Immediately after intervention;
F3
In the 3-month follow-up;
F4
In the 4-month follow-up;
F6
In the 6-month follow-up;
F8
In the 8-month follow-up;
F12
In the 12-month follow-up;
F18
In the 18-month follow-up.