Table 2. Rigor score of study design1.
| Publication | Cohort(a) | With control group (b) | Pre/post intervention(c) | Random assignment(d) | Random selection for assessment (e) | Sample size >100 (f) | Follow-up rate ≥80%(g) | Comparable socio-demographics between study arms (h) | Comparable baseline outcome measures between study arms (i) | Total |
| Cleary et al. [45], 1995 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| Kalichman et al. [46], 2001 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Margolin et al. [47], 2003 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| Sorensen et al. [48], 2003 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| Richardson et al. [30], 2004 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| Rotheram-Borus et al. [10], 2004 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 8 |
| Wingood et al. [49], 2004 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
| Wolitski et al. [50], 2005 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
| Naar-King et al. [16], 2006 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Purcell et al. [11], 2007 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
| Gilbert et al. [17], 2008 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
| Sikkema et al. [18], 2008 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Williams et al. [19], 2008 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
| McKirnan et al. [12], 2010 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
| Myers et al. [20], 2010 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 |
| Rose et al. [21], 2010 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
| Rosser et al. [22], 2010 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Teti et al. [13], 2010 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| Wolitski et al. [23], 2010 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
| Lovejoy et al. [24], 2011 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 7 |
| Golin et al. [14], 2012 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
1-point score was given for meeting each of the following criteria: (a) being a prospective cohort study; (b) using a comparison group; (c) collecting pre-/post-intervention data; (d) employing random assignment of participants to study arms; (e) having all study participants or a random selection of them for assessments; (f) having a sample size >100; (g) having a follow-up rate ≥80%; (h) having comparable socio-demographics between study arms, including age, education, race, employment, income, marital status (“Comparability” was defined as more than half of socio-demographical variables had no statistically significant difference between study arms as shown in the original publication, and ‘1’ was marked; otherwise ‘0’); and (i) had comparable outcome measures at baseline between study arms.