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Model for lactate-mediated browning of white adipocytes. Lactate uptake into the cell and mitochondria occurs through MCT proteins. Lactate oxidation in the mitochondria produces NADH, which alters NADH-to-NAD+ ratio and cellular redox state. Cells increase mitochondrial oxidative activity through the mitochondrial lactate oxidation complex and induce Ucp1 expression, perhaps as an adaptive response to prevent oxidative damage. LDH, lactate dehydrogenase.
