Figure 1. Illustration of powder array patch coating.

A plastic membrane was exposed to laser illumination (35mJ, 5%) to generate 4×4 array of microholes in ~2×2 mm² area, each with a measured diameter of 189µm. The membrane was topically layered onto an adhesive patch (3M). Vaccine powders were poured onto the membrane/patch assembly and pushed to fill the microholes. Non-adherent powders were removed before disassembly of the plastic membrane/adhesive patch assembly to obtain powder vaccine coated array patches.