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. 2014 Sep 23;8:333. doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00333

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Copyright © 2014 Shen, Duan, Jin and Sui.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution and reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Naloxone-induced conditioned place aversion in morphine-dependent tree shrews. (A) Diagram outlining the behavioral procedures. (B) The morphine-dependent tree shrews exhibit place aversion to an environment previously paired with the withdrawal induced by naloxone, whereas the saline control group spent almost equal time in the two chambers. Blank and solid columns represent data from saline- and morphine-dependent tree shrews, respectively. The data are expressed as means ± SEM, n = 4–5. * p < 0.05, vs. the saline control group, t-test.