Table 2.
Anchor-Based Meaningful Change Estimates: [N] Mean Change Difference ± SE (p value)
| Stratification and Measure | Walking ¼ Mile | Climbing 10 Steps | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No Change vs Small Decline | No Change vs Substantial Decline | No Change vs Small Decline | No Change vs Substantial Decline | |
| Unstratified | ||||
| Gait speed | [1,622] 0.03±0.01 | [1,519] 0.06±0.01 | [1,677] 0.03±0.01 | [1,425] 0.07±0.01 |
| 400MWT | [1,115] −11.5±2.6 | [949] −22.1±4.2 | [1,107] −5.5±2.5 | [907] −20.9±4.3 |
| SPPB | [1,582] 0.30±0.09 | [1,459] 0.65±0.10 | [1,623] 0.27±0.08 | [1,363] 0.54±0.11 |
| PPB | [1,575] 0.08±0.02 | [1,457] 0.17±0.03 | [1,618] 0.08±0.02 | [1,357] 0.14±0.03 |
| Baseline performance | ||||
| Gait speed | ||||
| Slow (<1.2 m/s) | [735] 0.07±0.01 | [731] 0.13±0.02 | [796] 0.06±0.01 | [692] 0.11±0.02 |
| Fast (≥1.2 m/s) | [887] 0.04±0.02 | [788] 0.10±0.02 | [881] 0.04±0.02 | [733] 0.12±0.02 |
| p = .2281 | p = .2435 | p = .3235 | p = .6731 | |
| 400MWT | ||||
| Slow (>312s) | [546] −15.3±3.3 | [438] −23.7±4.9 | [543] −3.1±3.3 | [434] −20.3±4.9 |
| Fast (≤312 s) | [569] −11.2±4.5 | [511] −32.0±8.7 | [564] −11.4±3.9 | [473] −33.6±10.1 |
| p = .4017 | p = .4370 | p = .1351 | p = .2718 | |
| SPPB | ||||
| Lower (≤10) | [769] 0.43±0.11 | [726] 0.92±0.12 | [800] 0.36±0.11 | [671] 0.57±0.13 |
| Higher (>10) | [813] 0.46±0.13 | [733] 0.81±0.17 | [823] 0.39±0.12 | [692] 1.14±0.20 |
| p = .8792 | p = .6089 | p = .8572 | p = .0159 | |
| PPB | ||||
| Low (≤2.34) | [720] 0.14±0.03 | [682] 0.29±0.03 | [765] 0.13±0.03 | [640] 0.23±0.04 |
| High (>2.34) | [855] 0.13±0.04 | [775] 0.14±0.05 | [853] 0.10±0.03 | [717] 0.20±0.06 |
| p = .8403 | p = .0165 | p = .6223 | p = .7691 | |
| Age | ||||
| Gait speed | ||||
| <75 | [1,048] 0.03±0.01 | [972] 0.07±0.02 | [1,069] 0.03±0.01 | [910] 0.08±0.02 |
| 75+ | [557] 0.03±0.02 | [528] 0.05±0.02 | [592] 0.03±0.02 | [501] 0.04±0. 02 |
| p = .7558 | p = .4162 | p = .7820 | p = .2766 | |
| 400MWT | ||||
| <75 | [724] −7.4±3.3 | [623] −24.2±5.0 | [722] −7.8±3.1 | [601] −20.9±5.0 |
| 75+ | [378] −18.2±4.4 | [314] −18.1±7.7 | [374] −0.8±4.2 | [296] −24.0±8.5 |
| p = .2265 | p = .5301 | p = .0720 | p = .7869 | |
| SPPB | ||||
| <75 | [1,028] 0.21±0.11 | [933] 0.63±0.13 | [1,045] 0.27±0.10 | [880] 0.64±0.14 |
| 75+ | [537] 0.46±0.15 | [507] 0.68±0.16 | [562] 0.25±0.14 | [469] 0.36±0.19 |
| p = .1566 | p = .7756 | p = .9002 | p = .2329 | |
| PPB | ||||
| <75 | [1,025] 0.06±0.03 | [931] 0.16±0.04 | [1,042] 0.08±0.03 | [876] 0.11±0.04 |
| 75+ | [533] 0.12±0.04 | [507] 0.18±0.04 | [560] 0.06±0.04 | [467] 0.17±0.05 |
| p = .2131 | p = .7253 | p = .8249 | p = .2980 | |
| Gender | ||||
| Gait speed | ||||
| Male | [849] 0.04±0.02 | [769] 0.07±0.02 | [870] 0.04±0.02 | [747] 0.10±0.02 |
| Female | [773] 0.03±0.02 | [767] 0.07±0.02 | [807] 0.02±0.02 | [678] 0.05±0.02 |
| p = .8085 | p = .9588 | p = .4369 | p = .0474 | |
| 400MWT | ||||
| Male | [620] −15.7±3.6 | [527] −33.4±6.5 | [620] −11.4±3.5 | [512] −32.5±7.1 |
| Female | [495] −7.1±3.8 | [422] −14.3±5.6 | [487] 0.3±3.6 | [395] −14.4±5.5 |
| p = .0089 | p = .0393 | p = .0017 | p = .0622 | |
| SPPB | ||||
| Male | [836] 0.34±0.12 | [744] 0.56±0.16 | [851] 0.17±0.12 | [723] 0.23±0.18 |
| Female | [746] 0.27±0.12 | [715] 0.71±0.13 | [772] 0.36±0.11 | [640] 0.75±0.15 |
| p = .6990 | p = .4611 | p = .2793 | p = .0239 | |
| PPB | ||||
| Male | [831] 0.08±0.03 | [742] 0.19±0.04 | [847] 0.08±0.03 | [719] 0.19±0.05 |
| Female | [765] 0.10±0.03 | [765] 0.17±0.04 | [771] 0.08±0.03 | [638] 0.12±0.04 |
| p = .6971 | p = .7494 | p = .8729 | p = .3039 | |
| Race | ||||
| Gait speed | ||||
| White | [1,046] 0.03±0.01 | [931] 0.07±0.02 | [1,070] 0.03±0.01 | [892] 0.07±0.02 |
| Black | [576] 0.04±0.02 | [588] 0.07±0.02 | [607] 0.03±0.02 | [533] 0.07±0.02 |
| p = .8917 | p = . 8255 | p = .7659 | p = .8978 | |
| 400MWT | ||||
| White | [765] −13.7±3.2 | [644] −21.6±5.9 | [752] −6.0±3.1 | [622] −12.3±6.0 |
| Black | [350] −7.1±4.6 | [305] −22.4±6.2 | [355] −4.8±4.2 | [285] −30.4±6.4 |
| p = .0910 | p = .9475 | p = .4948 | p = .0618 | |
| SPPB | ||||
| White | [1,030] 0.27±0.11 | [906] 0.50±0.14 | [1,044] 0.31±0.11 | [863] 0.39±0.16 |
| Black | [552] 0.35±0.14 | [553] 0.77±0.14 | [579] 0.18±0.13 | [500] 0.60±0.16 |
| p = .6898 | p = .1918 | p = .4240 | p = .3518 | |
| PPB | ||||
| White | [1,029] 0.09±0.03 | [907] 0.17±0.04 | [1,042] 0.07±0.03 | [860] 0.11±0.05 |
| Black | [546] 0.07±0.04 | [550] 0.18±0.04 | [576] 0.08±0.04 | [497] 0.18±0.05 |
| p = .7501 | p = .8946 | p = .7623 | p = .2991 | |
| Body mass index | ||||
| Gait speed | ||||
| <25 | [556] 0.04±0.02 | [505] 0.04±0.03 | [556] 0.01±0.02 | [461] 0.07±0.03 |
| 25–30 | [696] 0.02±0.02 | [645] 0.07±0.02 | [732] 0.04±0.02 | [628] 0.07±0.02 |
| >30 | [353] 0.04±0.02 | [350] 0.08±0.02 | [373] 0.02±0.02 | [322] 0.05±0.02 |
| p = .7203 | p = .5476 | p = .4317 | p = .8294 | |
| 400MWT | ||||
| <25 | [388] −13.9±4.8 | [350] −16.3±8.4 | [390] 0.7±4.5 | [324] −8.6±9.8 |
| 25–30 | [500] −12.0±3.9 | [424] −22.4±6.0 | [513] −4.5±3.6 | [419] −28.4±6.4 |
| >30 | [204] −4.5±5.5 | [163] −23.7±8.7 | [193] −13.1±5.4 | [154] −15.2±7.9 |
| p = .0921 | p = .8404 | p = .7003 | p = .2444 | |
| SPPB | ||||
| <25 | [546] 0.41±0.16 | [494] −0.02±0.21 | [545] 0.15±0.15 | [448] 0.45±0.27 |
| 25–30 | [685] 0.35±0.13 | [624] 0.63±0.15 | [714] 0.43±0.12 | [604] 0.34±0.17 |
| >30 | [334] 0.05±0.17 | [322] 0.90±0.18 | [348] 0.01±0.16 | [297] 0.59±0.19 |
| p = .2494 | p = .0033 | p = .1070 | p = .6199 | |
| PPB | ||||
| <25 | [544] 0.08±0.05 | [495] 0.08±0.06 | [543] 0.07±0.04 | [447] 0.13±0.07 |
| 25–30 | [682] 0.08±0.04 | [622] 0.19±0.04 | [712] 0.09±0.04 | [600] 0.15±0.05 |
| >30 | [332] 0.09±0.05 | [321] 0.20±0.05 | [247] 0.05±0.05 | [296] 0.11±0.05 |
| p = .9744 | p = .2148 | p = .7815 | p = .8921 | |
| Global health | ||||
| Gait speed | ||||
| Excellent/very good | [852] 0.04±0.02 | [772] 0.07±0.02 | [862] 0.05±0.02 | [733] 0.10±0.03 |
| Good/fair/poor | [770] 0.03±0.02 | [747] 0.07±0.02 | [815] 0.01±0.01 | [692] 0.05±0.02 |
| p = .6398 | p = .7425 | p = .0968 | p = .0857 | |
| 400MWT | ||||
| Excellent/very good | [638] −14.9±3.9 | [563] −27.0±7.0 | [627] −9.4±3.6 | [536] −23.2±6.7 |
| Good/fair/poor | [477] −8.2±3.7 | [386] −18.5±5.4 | [480] −0.9±3.5 | [371] −17.6±5.8 |
| p = .2101 | p = .3681 | p = .0910 | p = .5495 | |
| SPPB | ||||
| Excellent/very good | [839] 0.47±0.13 | [755] 0.36±0.18 | [844] 0.29±0.13 | [720] 0.59±0.20 |
| Good/fair/poor | [743] 0.23±0.12 | [704] 0.79±0.12 | [779] 0.27±0.11 | [643] 0.53±0.14 |
| p = .1593 | p = .0478 | p = .9101 | p = .8157 | |
| PPB | ||||
| Excellent/very good | [836] 0.12±0.04 | [751] 0.09±0.05 | [839] 0.07±0.04 | [713] 0.17±0.06 |
| Good/fair/poor | [739] 0.06±0 .03 | [706] 0.20±0.03 | [779] 0.07±0.03 | [644] 0.12±0.04 |
| p = .2940 | p = .0724 | p = .9477 | p = .5060 | |
| Arthritis | ||||
| Gait speed | ||||
| No | [758] 0.01±0.02 | [686] 0.04±0.02 | [785] 0.02±0.02 | [649] 0.07±0.03 |
| Yes | [847] 0.05±0.02 | [814] 0.08±0.02 | [876] 0.03±0.01 | [762] 0.06±0.02 |
| p = .1487 | p = .1451 | p = .5811 | p = .8097 | |
| 400MWT | ||||
| No | [558] −15.5±4.2 | [470] −18.4±8.2 | [555] −3.9±4.0 | [450] −32.9±9.2 |
| Yes | [547] −0.7±3.9 | [468] −21.7±5.7 | [544] −1.5±3.7 | [448] −16.8±5.6 |
| p = .0104 | p = .7444 | p = .6661 | p = .1364 | |
| SPPB | ||||
| No | [750] 0.20±0.13 | [675] 0.55±0.17 | [769] 0.01±0.12 | [633] 0.76±0.20 |
| Yes | [815] 0.33±0.12 | [765] 0.67±0.13 | [838] 0.45±0.11 | [716] 0.44±0.14 |
| p = .4662 | p = .5796 | p = .0075 | p = .1875 | |
| PPB | ||||
| No | [746] 0.05±0.04 | [674] 0.19±0.05 | [767] 0.03±0.04 | [632] 0.24±0.06 |
| Yes | [812] 0.10±0.03 | [764] 0.16±0.04 | [835] 0.11±0.03 | [711] 0.09±0.04 |
| p = .2611 | p = .6198 | p = .0940 | p = .0308 | |
| Cancer | ||||
| Gait speed | ||||
| No | [1,293] 0.05±0.01 | [1,219] 0.07±0.01 | [1,346] 0.03±0.01 | [1,138] 0.06±0.02 |
| Yes | [325] −0.03±0.03 | [297] 0.06±0.03 | [327] 0.01±0.03 | [284] 0.09±0.03 |
| p = .0128 | p = .8776 | p = .5139 | p = .3677 | |
| 400MWT | ||||
| No | [881] −8.7±3.3 | [758] −23.6±5.1 | [882] −3.0±3.0 | [718] −23.1±5.2 |
| Yes | [237] −7.4±6.0 | [192] −16.4±11.5 | [228] −3.0±6.3 | [190] −11.9±11.3 |
| p = .8489 | p = .5646 | p = .9986 | p = .3705 | |
| SPPB | ||||
| No | [1,261] 0.36±0.10 | [1,174] 0.66±0.11 | [1,301] 0.28±0.09 | [1,088] 0.54±0.12 |
| Yes | [317] 0.10±0.20 | [282] 0.61±0.24 | [318] 0.17±0.19 | [272] 0.55±0.27 |
| p = .2322 | p = .8601 | p = .5995 | p = .9737 | |
| PPB | ||||
| No | [1,254] 0.09±0.03 | [1,171] 0.18±0.03 | [1,297] 0.10±0.03 | [1,083] 0.15±0.03 |
| Yes | [317] 0.04±0.05 | [283] 0.14±0.07 | [317] −0.03±0.05 | [271] 0.07±0.08 |
| p = .4018 | p = .5812 | p = .0305 | p = .2963 | |
| Diabetes | ||||
| Gait speed | ||||
| No | [1,430] 0.03±0.01 | [1,325] 0.06±0.01 | [1,468] 0.02±0.01 | [1,243] 0.07±0.02 |
| Yes | [190] 0.03±0.03 | [193] 0.07±0.03 | [207] 0.05±0.03 | [180] 0.06±0.03 |
| p = .8658 | p = .7823 | p = .4873 | p = .7720 | |
| 400MWT | ||||
| No | [1,003] −9.2±3.1 | [857] −21.3±5.0 | [997] −3.0±2.9 | [817] −21.0±5.2 |
| Yes | [114] −2.1±8.2 | [92] −26.5±12.8 | [112] −0.7±8.1 | [90] −19.0±12.2 |
| p = .4196 | p = .7058 | p = .7917 | p = .8798 | |
| SPPB | ||||
| No | [1,399] 0.27±0.09 | [1,282] 0.61±0.11 | [1,425] 0.20±0.09 | [1,196] 0.53±0.13 |
| Yes | [181] 0.45±0.23 | [176] 0.73±0.24 | [196] 0.50±0.22 | [165] 0.46±0.26 |
| p = .4731 | p = .6727 | p = .2129 | p = .8247 | |
| PPB | ||||
| No | [1,393] 0.07±0.03 | [1,279] 0.17±0.03 | [1,418] 0.06±0.03 | [1,190] 0.16±0.04 |
| Yes | [180] 0.09±0.07 | [177] 0.10±0.07 | [198] 0.09±0.06 | [165] 0.01±0.07 |
| p = .8094 | p = .3095 | p = .7049 | p = .0840 | |
| Heart disease | ||||
| Gait speed | ||||
| No | [1,298] 0.03±0.01 | [1,179] 0.07±0.02 | [1,321] 0.03±0.01 | [1,098] 0.05±0.02 |
| Yes | [289] 0.04±0.03 | [292] 0.05±0.03 | [318] 0.03±0.02 | [290] 0.10±0.03 |
| p = .6722 | p = .5602 | p = .9165 | p = .1773 | |
| 400MWT | ||||
| No | [927] −10.2±3.2 | [785] −27.3±5.4 | [910] −4.5±3.1 | [754] −22.9±5.2 |
| Yes | [169] −1.9±7.0 | [143] −5.7±9.9 | [180] 3.7±6.5 | [138] −6.0±13.0 |
| p = .2769 | p = .0557 | p = .2535 | p = .2286 | |
| SPPB | ||||
| No | [1,266] 0.26±0.10 | [1,135] 0.80±0.12 | [1,279] 0.30±0.09 | [1,055] 0.50±0.13 |
| Yes | [281] 0.48±0.19 | [280] 0.34±0.19 | [307] 0.21±0.19 | [275] 0.70±0.21 |
| p = .2902 | p = .0431 | p = .6778 | p = .4241 | |
| PPB | ||||
| No | [1,260] 0.07±0.03 | [1,134] 0.19±0.03 | [1,276] 0.07±0.03 | [1,051] 0.13±0.04 |
| Yes | [280] 0.14±0.05 | [280] 0.11±0.05 | [306] 0.07±0.05 | [274] 0.15±0.06 |
| p = .2410 | p = .2261 | p = .9707 | p = .8406 | |
| Hypertension | ||||
| Gait speed | ||||
| No | [877] 0.03±0.02 | [821] 0.07±0.02 | [881] 0.03±0.02 | [735] 0.09±0.02 |
| Yes | [708] 0.04±0.02 | [690] 0.06±0.02 | [786] 0.02±0.02 | [680] 0.06±0.02 |
| p = .5773 | p = .7455 | p = .7644 | p = .2867 | |
| 400MWT | ||||
| No | [652] −6.1±4.0 | [614] −33.5±7.4 | [628] −2.1±3.7 | [515] −23.1±7.1 |
| Yes | [461] −9.0±4.1 | [382] −13.0±6.0 | [476] −3.2±4.1 | [388] −18.4±6.4 |
| p = .6211 | p = .0317 | p = .8336 | p = .6268 | |
| SPPB | ||||
| No | [857] 0.35±0.13 | [794] 0.48±0.16 | [853] 0.31±0.12 | [708] 0.50±0.19 |
| Yes | [715] 0.21±0.12 | [657] 0.63±0.13 | [760] 0.19±0.12 | [645] 0.48±0.14 |
| p = .4116 | p = .4898 | p = .4450 | p = .9333 | |
| PPB | ||||
| No | [854] 0.06±0.04 | [793] 0.19±0.05 | [848] 0.08±0.03 | [704] 0.16±0.05 |
| Yes | [711] 0.09±0.03 | [656] 0.14±0.04 | [760] 0.06±0.03 | [643] 0.11±0.04 |
| p = .5907 | p = .3575 | p = .6303 | p = .3999 | |
Notes: 400MWT = 400-m walk time; m/s = meters per second; [N] = number of participants used to obtain estimate; p = interaction p value representing between-stratum comparison of no change vs decline differences; PPB = Health ABC Physical Performance Battery; s = seconds; SE = standard error of no change vs decline means difference; SPPB = Short Physical Performance Battery.