Table 1.
Characteristics and Health-Related Conditions Over 9 y by PA
| Total (N = 276) | Sedentary (n = 39, 14.1%) | Lifestyle Active (n = 148, 53.6%) | Exercise Active (n = 89, 32.2%) | p Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Age (y) | 72.9±2.7 | 73.1±2.9 | 72.9±2.8 | 72.7±2.6 | .792 |
| Female sex | 162 (58.7) | 22 (56.4) | 94 (63.5) | 46 (51.7) | .192 |
| Black race | 114 (41.3) | 12 (30.8) | 67 (45.3) | 35 (39.3) | .236 |
| Physical function | |||||
| Gait speed (m/s) | 1.28±0.24 | 1.23±0.21 | 1.27±0.25 | 1.33±0.24 | .065 |
| Change in gait speed (m/s) | −0.27±0.26 | −0.30±0.28 | −0.27±0.26 | −0.26±0.24 | .646 |
| Annual % change in gait speed | −2.23±2.06 | −2.63±2.52 | −2.25±2.03 | −2.02±1.87 | .299 |
| Chronic disease conditions | |||||
| Cardiovascular disease | 40 (14.8) | 7 (18.4) | 20 (14.0) | 13 (14.6) | .790 |
| Pulmonary disease | 28 (10.2) | 6 (15.4) | 14 (9.5) | 8 (9.0) | .513 |
| Hypertension | 107 (38.9) | 14 (35.9) | 64 (43.5) | 29 (32.6) | .226 |
| Diabetes | 30 (10.9) | 8 (20.5) | 14 (9.5) | 8 (9.0) | .112 |
| Incident cardiovascular disease | 33 (12.6) | 2 (5.4) | 18 (12.9) | 13 (15.3) | .315 |
| Incident stroke | 9 (3.3) | 0 (0.0) | 7 (4.9) | 2 (2.3) | .268 |
| Cognitive function | |||||
| DSST score (0–90) | 42.4±12.7 | 41.5±13.3 | 41.8±12.8 | 43.8±12.4 | .437 |
| Change in DSST score | −5.9±10.8 | −7.3±10.5 | −6.3±10.9 | −4.6±10.7 | .334 |
| Annual % change in DSST | −.99±6.94 | −2.05±3.47 | −0.77±9.04 | −0.89±2.95 | .586 |
| 3MSE score (0–100) | 92.2±6.3 | 91.3±6.5 | 92.7±5.9 | 91.8±6.8 | .310 |
| Change in 3MSE score | 0.6±5.8 | 1.1±6.5 | −0.1±5.8 | 1.5±5.5 | .116 |
| Annual % change in 3MSE | 0.10±0.73 | 0.16±0.80 | 0.01±0.71 | 0.21±0.72 | .113 |
| Depressive symptoms | |||||
| CES-D score (0–60) | 4.1±4.4 | 4.6±5.0 | 4.3±4.4 | 3.4±4.0 | .203 |
| Change in CES-D score | 2.9±6.3 | 4.4±6.0 | 2.6±6.0 | 2.7±6.8 | .255 |
| Annual % change in CES-D | 21.31±45.72 | 26.32±44.89 | 19.78±39.21 | 21.63±55.58 | .729 |
| Other characteristics related to PA | |||||
| Education > high school | 140 (50.9) | 14 (35.9) | 76 (51.4) | 50 (56.8) | .200 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 27.4±4.6 | 25.5±3.6 | 28.1±4.7 | 26.9±4.5 | .004 |
| Current smokers | 13 (4.7) | 2 (5.1) | 9 (6.1) | 2 (2.2) | .649 |
| Alcohol consumption >7 drinks/wk | 23 (8.3) | 3 (7.7) | 15 (10.1) | 5 (5.6) | .428 |
| Pulmonary function | 77.0±7.4 | 77.8±9.1 | 77.2±7.7 | 76.5±6.3 | .603 |
| Knee osteoarthritis | 18 (6.5) | 1 (2.6) | 12 (8.1) | 2 (5.6) | .421 |
| Time spent walking (min/wk) | |||||
| Time spent walking | 60 (225) | 20 (135) | 40 (143) | 190 (385) | .008 |
| Change in time spent walking | −104.3±380.0 | −13.0±117.1 | −91.5±347.2 | −167.6±488.7 | .092 |
Notes: Values are mean ± SD, N (%), or median (interquartile range). p values were obtained from analysis of variance or χ2 tests as appropriate. 3MSE = modified mini-mental state examination; CES-D = Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; DSST = digit symbol substitution test; PA = physical activity.