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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Sep 23.
Published in final edited form as: Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Aug 10;(8):CD000125. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000125.pub4

Table 1. Opinion leaders alone compared to no intervention.

Study Med Eff Outcome # participant (hosp) Control - comp Int - compliance Median ARD (P value)
Hodnett 1996 Care provided to women in labour. Women who did not receive epidural anaesthesia Desired change: increased rate of women who did not receive epidural anaesthesia NOT CLEAR (20) Pre: N/A
Post: 49.6%		 Pre: N/A
Post 44.5%		 −0.051
Stross 1985 Care of patients with osteoarthritis.

  1. Length of stay (days)-not included in analysis

  2. Patients who received ASA

  3. Patients who received NSAIDS

  4. Patients who did not receive corticosteroids (systemic)

  5. Patients who received corticosteroids (intraarticular)

  6. Patients who received physical therapy

  7. Referrals Desired change:increase in all outcomes

 48(6)

  1. Pre: 8.4 Post: 8.6

  2. Pre:9/18 Post: 5/18

  3. Pre:14/18

    Post:17/18

  4. Pre:15/18

    Post:14/18

  5. Pre:2/18

    Post:2/18

  6. Pre: 15/18 Post:: 15/18

  7. Pre:7/18

    Post:6/18

  1. Pre: 8.8 Post: 8.4

  2. Pre:9/23 Post:6/30

  3. Pre:19/23

    Post:26/30

  4. Pre:20/23

    Post:29/30

  5. Pre:4/23

    Post:12/30

  6. Pre:20/23 Post:: 28/30

  7. Pre:9/23

    Post:9/30

 +0.045 (*) (P-value not reported due to unit of analysis error)

  1. not included in calculation

  2. ARD +0.03

  3. ARD −0.12

  4. ARD +0.15

  5. ARD +0.23

  6. ARD +0.06

  7. ARD −0.03
Stross 1983 Care of patients with COPD.

  1. Patients who received IV fluids- desired direction of effect not clear

  2. Patients who received antibiotics

  3. Patients who received antibiotics seven days or more

  4. Patients who received broncodilators- intravenous

  5. Patients who received broncodilators -loading dose

  6. Patients who received broncodilators-aerosolised

  7. Patients who did not receive broncodilators- oral

  8. Patients who received broncodilators-single agent

  9. Patients who did not receive broncodilators- combination

  10. Patients who did not receive intermittent positive pressure breathing

  11. Oxygen- desired direction of effect not clear

  12. Respiratory therapy referrals

  13. Chest radiograph

  14. Sputum gram stain

  15. Arterial blood gas measurement

  16. Pulmonary function studies Desired effect: increase in all outcomes

 510 (16)

  1. Pre: 133/237 Post: 118/221

  2. Pre: 153/237 Post: 131/221

  3. Pre:83/237

    Post 77/221

  4. Pre: 118/237

    Post:99/221

  5. Pre: 51/237 Post:86/221

  6. Pre:11/237 Post:8/221

  7. Pre:94/237

    Post:73/221

  8. Pre: 85/237

    Post:89/221

  9. Pre:179/237

    Post:162/221

  10. Pre:84/237 Post:82/221

  11. Pre:130/237

    Post:148/221

  12. Pre:31/237

    Post:33/221

  13. Pre:223/237

    Post:199/221

  14. Pre:92/237

    Post:48/221

  15. Pre:101/237

    Post:107/221

  16. Pre:33/237

    Post:35/221

  1. Pre:120/227 Post: 189/289

  2. Pre: 160/227 Post: 200/289

  3. Pre: 87/227

    Post: 225/289

  4. Pre: 129/227

    Post: 156/289

  5. Pre: 50/227 Post: 171/289

  6. Pre: 14/227 Post: 73/289

  7. Pre: 60/227

    Post:80/289

  8. Pre: 104/227

    Post: 183/289

  9. Pre: 164/227

    Post:265/289

  10. Pre:63/227 Post: 107/289

  11. Pre: 139/227

    Post: 177/289

  12. Pre: 46/227

    Post:88/289

  13. Pre: 222/227

    Post:265/289

  14. Pre: 61/227

    Post:81/289

  15. Pre: 61/227

    Post: 134/289

  16. Pre:33/227

    Post:44/289

 +0.13 (*) (P-value not reported due to unit of analysis error)

  1. not included in calculations

  2. ARD −0.03

  3. ARD +0.35

  4. ARD +0.05

  5. ARD +0.2

  6. ARD +0.21

  7. ARD +0.08

  8. ARD +0.26

  9. ARD +0.22

  10. ARD +0.07

  11. not included in calculations

  12. ARD +0.11

  13. ARD −0.03

  14. ARD +0.19

  15. ARD +0.15

  16. ARD −0.05
Stross 1980 Care of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. History-diagnosis

  1. Symptoms of inflammation

  2. Extraarticular manifestations

  3. Medications

  4. Complications of therapy Physical examination

  5. Heat, redness, swelling

  6. Range of motion

  7. Deformity Diagnostic studies

  8. Sedimentation rate

  9. Latex fixation

  10. Joint roentgenogram Management

  11. Patients who received aspirin

  12. Patients who received nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents (NSAIDS)

  13. Patients who received gold- desired direction of effect not clear

  14. Patients who did not receive corticosteroids

  15. Patients who received physical therapy

    Desired change: increase in all outcomes

 62 (6)

  1. Pre:1/34 Post:7/33

  2. Pre:3/34 Post:4/33

  3. Pre: 17/34

    Post: 24/33

  4. Pre:3/34 Post:5/33

  5. Pre:8/34 Post:15/33

  6. Pre: 19/34 Post: 9/33

  7. Pre: 12/34 Post: 18/33

  8. Pre:20/34 Post: 12/33

  9. Pre:3/34 Post:6/33

  10. Pre: 5/34 Post: 12/33

  11. Pre: 19/34 Post: 13/33

  12. Pre:8/34 Post: 18/33

  13. Pre:7/34

    Post: 6/33

  14. Pre:21/34 Post: 13/33

  15. Pre:21/34 Post: 16/33

  1. Pre:0 Post:12/29

  2. Pre:1/18 Post:2/29

  3. Post 18/88

    Post: 23/29

  4. Pre:2/18

    Post:5/18

  5. Pre:5/18 Post:22/29

  6. Pre:7/18 Post:14/29

  7. Pre:8/18 Post:19/29

  8. Pre:12/18 Post:22/29

  9. Pre:3/18 Post:14/29

  10. Pre:3/18 Post:8/29

  11. Pre:13/18 Post:19/29

  12. Pre:4/18 Post:11/29

  13. Pre:5/18 Post:3/29

  14. Pre:10/18 Post:19/29

  15. Pre:12/18 Post:23/29

 +0.17 (*) (P-value not reported due to unit of analysis error).

  1. ARD +0.23

  2. ARD −0.02

  3. ARD +0.12

  4. ARD −0.002

  5. ARD: +0.26

  6. ARD +0.38

  7. ARD +0.02

  8. ARD:+0.32

  9. ARD:+0.22

  10. ARD: −0.04

  11. ARD: +0.04

  12. ARD −0.15

  13. not included in calculations

  14. ARD +0.26

  15. ARD +0.27
Majumdar 2007 Care of patients with heart failure and ischaemic heart disease. Patients who received efficacious medication

  1. increased use of ACE inhibitors or ARBs in HF

  2. increased use of statins in IHD

 128 (NOT CLEAR)

  1. Pre:N/A

    Post:5/25

  2. Pre: N/A

    Post:10/59

  1. Pre:N/A

    Post:11/29

  2. Pre:N/APost:10/58

 +0.09 (P=0.31)

  1. ARD+0.18

  2. ARD +0.003
*

: P value reported by author