Table 1.
Main Specification for the Cross-Country Analysis
| VARIABLES | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ln Number of Languages | |||||
| Variation in Elevation | 0.310*** (0.113) | 0.256*** (0.079) | 0.291*** (0.089) | 0.275*** (0.101) | |
| Variation in Land Quality | 0.340*** (0.084) | 0.177*** (0.061) | 0.208*** (0.058) | 0.211*** (0.060) | |
| Mean Elevation | −0.249** (0.113) | −0.111 (0.106) | −0.104 (0.118) | −0.085 (0.113) | |
| Mean Land Quality | −0.179** (0.069) | −0.069 (0.065) | −0.029 (0.068) | 0.006 (0.064) | |
| Absolute Latitude | −0.479*** (0.070) | −0.547*** (0.061) | −0.058 (0.192) | −0.033 (0.214) | −0.131 (0.201) |
| Mean Precipitation | 0.468*** (0.086) | 0.447*** (0.088) | 0.479*** (0.088) | ||
| Mean Temperature | 0.270 (0.197) | 0.385* (0.213) | 0.404** (0.183) | ||
| Ln(Area) | 0.517*** (0.067) | 0.482*** (0.073) | 0.464*** (0.074) | ||
| Distance from the Sea | 0.053 (0.065) | 0.063 (0.062) | 0.073 (0.064) | ||
| Migratory Distance from East Africa | −0.281*** (0.063) | −0.518** (0.199) | −0.513** (0.218) | ||
| Ln(Population density in 1995) | −0.118 (0.087) | 0.023 (0.072) | |||
| Ln(Population density in 1500) | −0.235** (0.105) | ||||
| Year of Independence | −0.108 (0.066) | ||||
| Timing of Transition to Agriculture | 0.134 (0.094) | ||||
|
| |||||
| Continental FE | N | N | N | Y | Y |
| Observations | 156 | 156 | 156 | 156 | 142 |
| R2 | 0.23 | 0.40 | 0.67 | 0.69 | 0.73 |
Standardized beta coefficients are reported, with robust standard errors in parentheses. ***p < 0.01,
**
p < 0.05,
*
p < 0.1; See web Appendix for variables’ sources and definitions.