Table 2b.
Linguistic Fractionalization Across Countries
| VARIABLES | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ELF | ELF | ELF | ELF3 | ELF5 | ELF7 | ELF9 | |
| Variation in Elevation | −0.111 (0.124) | 0.363** (0.142) | 0.356** (0.169) | 0.472*** (0.160) | 0.426*** (0.149) | 0.413*** (0.156) | |
| Variation in Climatic Suitability | 0.294*** (0.094) | 0.231*** (0.084) | 0.291*** (0.103) | 0.293*** (0.103) | 0.215** (0.086) | 0.156* (0.089) | |
| Mean Elevation | 0.093 (0.127) | −0.301** (0.148) | −0.352** (0.171) | −0.475*** (0.169) | −0.462*** (0.166) | −0.367** (0.167) | |
| Mean Climatic Suitability | 0.053 (0.083) | 0.218** (0.108) | −0.141 (0.128) | −0.062 (0.121) | −0.213** (0.108) | −0.024 (0.110) | |
| Absolute Latitude | −0.369*** (0.080) | −0.434*** (0.081) | −0.397 (0.331) | −0.116 (0.358) | −0.185 (0.326) | −0.064 (0.295) | −0.124 (0.311) |
| Mean Precipitation | 0.180 (0.151) | 0.455*** (0.174) | 0.404** (0.167) | 0.487*** (0.142) | 0.375*** (0.140) | ||
| Mean Temperature | −0.030 (0.266) | 0.248 (0.296) | 0.181 (0.281) | 0.316 (0.274) | 0.302 (0.280) | ||
| Ln(Area) | 0.030 (0.125) | −0.247* (0.146) | −0.186 (0.153) | −0.174 (0.132) | −0.015 (0.130) | ||
| Distance from the Sea | 0.281*** (0.086) | 0.452*** (0.118) | 0.414*** (0.109) | 0.326*** (0.098) | 0.229** (0.093) | ||
| Migratory Distance from East Africa | −0.122 (0.256) | −0.535* (0.289) | −0.280 (0.296) | −0.359 (0.287) | −0.540* (0.287) | ||
| Ln(Population Density in 1995) | −0.022 (0.103) | −0.093 (0.141) | 0.006 (0.141) | 0.007 (0.137) | −0.090 (0.132) | ||
| Ln(Population Density in 1500) | −0.268** (0.123) | −0.239* (0.144) | −0.214 (0.150) | −0.211 (0.135) | −0.166 (0.137) | ||
| Year of Independence | 0.146 (0.096) | 0.058 (0.122) | 0.111 (0.118) | 0.061 (0.108) | 0.046 (0.104) | ||
| Timing of Transition to Agriculture | −0.080 (0.131) | 0.154 (0.168) | 0.196 (0.155) | 0.338** (0.135) | 0.155 (0.135) | ||
|
| |||||||
| Continental FE | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Observations | 143 | 143 | 143 | 143 | 143 | 143 | 143 |
| R2 | 0.14 | 0.20 | 0.53 | 0.32 | 0.35 | 0.44 | 0.48 |
Standardized beta coefficients reported, with robust standard errors in parentheses.
***
p < 0.01,
**
p < 0.05,
*
p < 0.1; See web Appendix for variables’ sources and definitions.