Table 4.
Main Specification for the Virtual Country Analysis
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||||||
| VARIABLES | Log Number of Languages | ||||||
| Variation in Elevation | 0.124*** (0.044) | 0.114*** (0.033) | 0.082*** (0.030) | 0.118** (0.057) | 0.093** (0.043) | 0.091** (0.035) | |
| Variation in Land Quality | 0.144** (0.058) | 0.088** (0.043) | 0.116*** (0.033) | 0.103** (0.048) | 0.173*** (0.055) | 0.134** (0.052) | |
| Mean Elevation | −0.024 (0.033) | 0.028 (0.053) | 0.032 (0.072) | 0.008 (0.154) | −0.019 (0.147) | −0.034 (0.107) | |
| Mean Land Quality | 0.043 (0.060) | 0.042 (0.055) | 0.065 (0.074) | 0.262*** (0.075) | −0.026 (0.112) | −0.006 (0.098) | |
| Absolute Latitude | −0.557*** (0.054) | −0.515*** (0.066) | −0.390*** (0.134) | −0.317 (0.270) | −0.216 (0.131) | −0.353 (0.272) | −0.402 (0.335) |
| Mean Precipitation | 0.354*** (0.061) | 0.191** (0.087) | 0.222*** (0.081) | 0.076 (0.114) | 0.111 (0.124) | ||
| Mean Temperature | −0.118 (0.131) | −0.140 (0.202) | −0.054 (0.173) | −0.129 (0.219) | −0.209 (0.247) | ||
| Ln(Area) | 0.059 (0.055) | 0.038 (0.038) | 0.197*** (0.067) | −0.012 (0.042) | 0.046 (0.055) | ||
| Sea Distance | 0.026 (0.039) | 0.021 (0.042) | 0.198*** (0.071) | 0.008 (0.043) | −0.000 (0.036) | ||
| Water Area | 0.037 (0.027) | 0.005 (0.024) | 0.026 (0.027) | 0.013 (0.037) | −0.017 (0.036) | ||
| Within Country | −0.041 (0.034) | −0.041 (0.035) | −0.036 (0.057) | −0.087 (0.066) | |||
| Number of Countries | 0.197*** (0.033) | 0.191*** (0.038) | 0.121** (0.058) | 0.288*** (0.063) | |||
| Migratory Distance from East Africa | −0.284*** (0.050) | −0.087 (0.215) | 1.000 (0.710) | −0.268 (0.272) | −0.234 (0.288) | ||
| Ln(Population Density in 1995) | 0.023 (0.053) | 0.169 (0.111) | 0.006 (0.067) | 0.039 (0.079) | |||
| Country FE | N | N | N | Y | Y | Y | Y |
| Observations | 1663 | 1663 | 1663 | 1663 | 536 | 1127 | 994 |
| R2 | 0.31 | 0.36 | 0.53 | 0.70 | 0.73 | 0.56 | 0.66 |
Standardized beta coefficients are reported, with standard errors in parentheses clustered at the country level.
***
p < 0.01,
**
p < 0.05,
*
p < 0.1
(5) focuses on virtual countries in the tropics, (6) on virtual countries out of the tropics and (7) on virtual countries belonging entirely within an existing real country.
See web Appendix for variables’ sources and definitions.