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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2014 Sep 23.
Published in final edited form as: J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2014 Aug 26;20(8):836–847. doi: 10.1017/S135561771400068X

Table 1.

Demographic, neuropsychological, biomarker, and clinical outcome characteristics of the cluster groups and normal control group

Amnestic MCI
(n = 115)
Mixed MCI
(n = 148)
Cluster-Derived
Normal
(n = 185)
NC (n = 157) F or X2 Sig. Effect
size
Demographicsa
Age (years) 72.6 (7.7) 74.7 (7.0) 69.0 (6.8) 72.9 (5.7) F = 21.27 p < .001e, f, g ηp2 = .10
Education (years) 16.1 (2.6) 15.7 (2.8) 16.6 (2.5) 16.5 (2.6) F = 4.37 p = .005f,j ηp2 = .02
Gender (% male) 59.1% 54.7% 53.0% 49.0% X2 = 2.83 p > .05 φc = .07
GDS Total Score 1.8 (1.6) 1.8 (1.4) 1.7 (1.4) 0.6 (1.1) F = 25.11 p < .001g,i,j ηp2= .11
Diagnostic measures (raw)a
MMSE 27.8 (1.8) 27.5 (1.9) 28.7 (1.3) 29.0 (1.2) F = 29.12 p < .001e,f,i,j ηp2= .13
LM II (Story A) Recall 6.5 (3.2) 6.2 (3.4) 8.6 (2.3) 13.6 (3.0) F = 200.19 p < .001 e,f,g,i,j ηp2= .50
Neuropsychological battery (raw)a
Animal Fluency 17.5 (4.4) 14.8 (4.1) 21.2 (4.4) 21.7 (5.2) F = 66.48 p < .001e,f,h,i,j ηp2= .25
BNT 27.8 (1.5) 23.9 (4.1) 28.6 (1.4) 28.3 (1.9) F = 108.30 p <.00lf,h,j ηp2= .35
TMT, Part A (sec) 36.2 (10.5) 51.3 (20.0) 30.2 (8.3) 33.2 (10.6) F = 66.73 p < .001 e,f,h,i,j ηp2= .25
TMT, Part B (sec) 102.3 (39.82) 146.9 (72.9) 75.6 (23.5) 80.0 (40.5) F = 59.36 p < .001e,f,h,i,j ηp2= .23
AVLT Recall 1.7 (1.8) 3.9 (3.7) 7.4 (3.9) 7.9 (3.9) F = 87.09 p < .001 e,f,h,i,j ηp2= .30
AVLT Recognition 8.4 (2.2) 11.1 (3.2) 13.4 (1.4) 12.8 (2.3) F = 119.01 p < .001e,f,h,i,j ηp2= .37
CSF biomarkersb,c
High p-tau181p 29/63 (46.0%) 52/89 (58.4%) 39/117 (33.3%) 35/92 (38.0%) X2 = 14.27 p = .003f,j φc = .20
Low Aβ1-42 33/63 (52.4%) 50/89 (56.2%) 36/117 (30.8%) 33/92 (35.9%) X2 = 17.60 p = .001e,f,j φc = .22
High p-tau181p/Aβ1-42 32/63 (50.8%) 53/89 (59.6%) 45/117 (38.5%) 37/92 (40.2%) X2 = 11.06 p = .01e,f,g,h,i,j φc = .18
Clinical outcomeb,d
Progression to dementia 13/107 (12.1%) 26/130 (20.0%) 4/170 (2.4%) X2 = 31.07 p < .001 f φc = .20
Reversion to normal 1/107 (0.9%) 3/130 (2.3%) 12/170 (7.1%)

Note: GDS = Geriatric Depression Scale; MMSE = Mini Mental State Exam; LM = Logical Memory; BNT = Boston Naming Test; TMT = Trail Making Test; AVLT = Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; p-tau181p = hyperphosphorylated tau; Aβ1-42 = beta-amyloid; MCI = mild cognitive impairment; NC = Normal Control.

a

Data are summarized as mean (standard deviation), unless otherwise indicated.

b

Data are summarized as raw number of participants (% of participants).

c

Number of participants with CSF data: Amnestic: n = 63, Mixed: n = 89, Cluster-Derived Normal: n = 117, NC: n = 92.

d

Number of participants with longitudinal data: Amnestic: n = 107, Mixed: n = 130, Cluster-Derived Normal: n = 170; the NC group was not included in this analysis since participants were selected on the basis of remaining normal (did not progress/revert).

e

Cluster-Derived Normal group differed significantly from the Amnestic group.

f

Cluster-Derived Normal group differed significantly from the Mixed group.

g

Cluster-Derived Normal group differed significantly from the NC group.

h

Amnestic group differed significantly from the Mixed group.

i

Amnestic group differed significantly from the NC group.

j

Mixed group differed significantly from the NC group.