Table 1.

Intrinsic kidney involvement in liver diseases

Tubulo-interstitial involvement
1 Drugs[7] (paracetamol, aspirin, carbon tetrachloride, halogenated hydrocarbons, immunosuppressant agents)
2 Toxins[28-35] (Galerina family of mushrooms, hemoglobin, myoglobin, bilirubin, contrast agents)
3 Infections (leptospirosis, malaria, hepatitis)
4 Hypersensitivity reactions (sulphonamides, salicylates, etc.)
Glomerular involvement
1 Drugs[7] (carbon tetrachloride)
2 Hepatitis[28-35] A, B, C
3 Type II mixed cryoglobulinemia[28-35]
4 IgA nephropathy[28-35] (alcoholic cirrhosis, HCV cirrhosis)
5 Others (sickle cell disease, hemochromatosis, acute fatty liver and toxemia of pregnancy)
Vascular
1 Vasculitis
2 Toxemia of pregnancy and HELLP syndrome