Table 1.
Previously reported cases with the feature of CJD and HE in need of differential diagnosis
| Year/author | Final diagnosis | Clinical findings | Corticosteroid response | EEG finding | Brain image | CJD work-up | Hashimoto encephalopathy work-up | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CSF study | Biopsy/gene | Lab | US/SCAN/FANA | ||||||
| 2004/Cho et al. [14]. | CJD | 66/F | − | Bilateral frontal SWC (0.5–2 Hz) | MRI (DWI): HSI at cortex, caudate nucleus, putamen | 14-3-3: + | TG-AB: WNL | US: Chronic thyroiditis | |
| Dementia, parkinsonism, visual symptom, ataxia, myoclonus, akinetic mutism | SPECT/PET: Rt. Hemisphere: ↓ | TPO-AB: ↑ | FNA: PMN, lymphocyte | ||||||
| 2003/Cossu et al. [2]. | CJD | 61/F | − | Periodic triphasic wave | MRI: normal | 14-3-3: + | Biopsy: typical CJD pattern, PRNP + codon 210, 129 | TG-AB: ↑ | |
| Visual symptom, ataxia, myoclonus, mental change | TPO-AB: ↑ | ||||||||
| TSH : ↑ | |||||||||
| T3, T4 : WNL | |||||||||
| 2012/Kondziella et al. [10]. | CJD | 67/F | − | Anti-thyroid antibody (+) | |||||
| HE | 63/F | + | |||||||
| Dementia, ataxia, myoclonus | |||||||||
| 2008/Cerqueira et al. [8]. | HE | 68/F | + | Occasional sharp waves (2–3 Hz) | MRI (T2WI): HSI at corona radiata, centrum semiovale | T3, T4: WNL | |||
| Cognitive decline, insomnia, poor appetite, visual hallucination, tremor, gait disturbance, decreased mentality, myoclonus | TSH: ↑ | ||||||||
| TPO-AB: ↑ | |||||||||
| TG-AB: WNL | |||||||||
| 2002/Doherty et al. [9]. | HE | 57/F | + | Bihemispheric slowing, triphasic wave | MRI (T2WI): HIS at Lt. medial frontal region | 14-3-3: − | Biopsy: spongiform change | TPO-AB: ↑ | US: hypoechoic area |
| Generalized seizure, hallucination | |||||||||
| 2004/Vander et al. [13]. | HE | 58/M | + | Slow background, generalized delta activity | MRI: normal | 14-3-3: + | TSH: ↑ | ||
| Confusion, myoclonus, bilateral hyperreflexia, babinski (+) generalized seizure | TG-AB: ↑ | ||||||||
| TPO-AB: ↑ | |||||||||
| 2011/Santoro et al. [12]. | HE | 66/M | + | Slow theta and delta waves | MRI (DWI, T2WI): HSI at left white matter and bilateral cortical region | 14-3-3: −− | TG-AB: ↑ | ||
| Confusion, GTC, fluctuating alertness, myoclonic jerks | |||||||||
| 2004/Sakuria et al. [11]. | HE | 79/F | + | Diffuse slowing, periodic synchronous discharge | MRI (T2WI): HSI at periventricular and basal ganglia lesion | 14-3-3: + | TG-AB: ↑ | ||
| TPO-AB: ↑ | |||||||||
| Dementia, gait, inactivity, myoclonus | TSH-receptor AB: ↑ | ||||||||
| TPO-AB: ↑ | |||||||||
| TSH-receptor AB: ↑ | |||||||||
CJD Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease; HE Hashimoto’s encephalopathy; GTC generalized tonic-clonic seizure; DWI diffusion-weighted images; HSI high signal intensity; Tg-Ab anti-thyroglobulin antibody; TPO-Ab anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody; US ultrasonography; FNA fine needle aspiration; PMN polymorphonuclear leukocytes.