Table 4.

Examples of promising therapeutic approaches targeting ischemia reperfusion injury. Adapted from [42].

Intervention	Target	Potential downside	Stage	Reference
Fibrinogen split product Bβ 15–42	VE Cadherin	Unclear	Preclinical	[35, 36, 43, 48, 49, 53, 54, 66]
Cingulin derived sequence GRRPGGISGG	RhoAGTPase and VE Cadherin	Unclear	Preclinical	[35]
TAK-242	TLR4	Immunosuppression	Phase II clinical trial	[60, 67]
Cyclosporine	Cyclophilin/mPTP	Immunosuppression	Phase II clinical trial	[58]
PHD inhibitor	Oxygen sensing PHD enzyme, HIF stabilization	Unclear	Phase II clinical trial	[61, 63]
Ischemic preconditioning	Multiple	Unclear	Phase II clinical trial	[61, 68]
Ischemic postconditioning	Multiple	Unclear	Phase II clinical trial	[69]
Remote ischemic conditioning	Multiple	Unclear	Phase II clinical trial	[70]
Endothelin blockers	Endothelin A receptor/Na+/H+ exchange	Hypotension	Phase II clinical trial	[55, 71]