Table 5.

Summary of potential interventions in MetS and CKD

Intervention	Effect(s)
Physical activity	Improves glucose and lipids metabolism Reduces inflammation Improves endothelial function
Weight loss	Decreases proteinuria Increases GFR in obese patients Delays progression to ESRD in CKD patients
Blood pressure control <140/90 mmHg	Decreases the risk of CKD progression Reduces risk of cardiovascular events
Sibutramine	Decreased Cystatin C but not creatinine in clinical trials of obese women with polycystic ovaries Increases blood pressure
Orlistat	No effect on renal function in clinical trials
Metformin	Improves insulin sensitivity Improves endothelial function
RAAS inhibitors	Decrease proteinuria Decrease inflammation Lowers markers of oxidative stress Increase adiponectin
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors	Preserve renal function and decrease proteinuria in CKD patients

Abbreviations: CKD, chronic kidney disease; CoA, coenzyme A; ESRD, end stage renal disease; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; HMG-CoA, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA; MetS, metabolic syndrome; RAAS, renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.