Table 3.
Comparison of studies on the subject of GPF – part I
| Study | Population (number of samples –skulls/CT scans) | Type of investigation and sample characteristics | GPF dimensions (SD)(mm) | GPF–MMS (SD)(mm) | GPF–PBHP (SD)(mm) | GPF–IF (SD)(mm) | MMS–IF–GPF angle (SD)(°) | Mucosa thickness over GPF (SD)(mm)¶ | GPF–AR (SD)(mm) | GPF–PH tip (SD)(mm) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AP | LM | R | L | R | L | R | L | R | L | R | L | R | L | ||||
| European studies (total sample n = 1749) | |||||||||||||||||
| Tomaszewska et al. 2014 (this study) | Polish (n = 1350) | Sinus CT scans (n = 1200) Dry human skulls; sexed (n = 150) mean age 44.9 ± 17.1 years; Total: 655M, 695F | 5.1 (0.5) | 3.0 (0.8) | 16.1 (1.5) | 15.6 (1.5) | 4.9 (1.0) | 4.8 (1.0) | 34.0 (3.0) | 34.3 (3.1) | 26.0 (2.9) | 26.3 (3.0) | – | 3.0 (1.3) | 2.9 (1.3) | 11.9 (1.0) | 12.0 (1.1) |
| 15.9 (1.5)* | 4.8 (1.0)* | 34.2 (3.0)* | 26.2 (2.9)* | 3.0 (1.2) | 11.9 (1.1) | ||||||||||||
| Nimigean et al. 2013 | Romanian (n = 100) | Dry human skulls; age range 25–40 years; sexed | 4.9 (0.9) | 3.0 (0.9) | 14.5 (0.7) | 4.4 (1.1) | – | – | 6.0 | – | 12.0 (1.8)* | ||||||
| Piagkou et al. 2012 | Greek (n = 71) | Dry human skulls; adult; unsexed | 5.3 (0.9) | 2.7 (0.5) | 15.3 (1.3) | 4.6 (1.0) | 4.7 (1.1) | – | – | – | 3.1 (1.7) | 2.9 (1.6) | – | ||||
| African studies (total sample n = 440) | |||||||||||||||||
| Osunwoke et al. 2011 | Nigerian (n = 150) | Dry human skulls; adult; sexed (100%M) | – | 15.0 (2.1) | 15.0 (2.1) | 14.3 (1.5) | 5.0 (1.2) | 5.1 (5.1) | 41.1 (5.0) | – | – | – | – | ||||
| Ajmani, 1994 | Nigerian (n = 65) | Dry human skulls; adult, unsexed | – | 15.4 (0.2) | 15.4 (0.2) | 3.5 (0.2) | 3.5 (0.2) | – | – | – | – | – | |||||
| Hassanali & Mwaniki, 1984 | Kenyan (n = 125) | Dry human skulls; adult; sexed (60M, 22F, 43U) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||||
| Langenegger et al. 1983 | South African (n = 100) | Dry human skulls; mean age 42.7 years; sexed (50M, 50F) | – | 2.5 (0.5) | 15.1 (2.6) | 14.9 (1.8) | – | – | – | – | – | 12.3 (1.8) | 12.6 (1.9) | ||||
| Asian studies (total sample n = 351) | |||||||||||||||||
| Hwang et al. 2011 | Korean (n = 50) | Head HRCT scans; mean age 51.0 years; sexed (22M, 28F) | 4.5 (0.7) | 2.2 (0.4) | 16.2 (1.3) * | – | – | – | 10.7 (1.8) | – | – | ||||||
| Klosek & Rungruang, 2009 | Thai (n = 41) | Human cadavers; mean age 71.2 years; sexed (24M, 17F) | F: 5.1 (1.0) M: 4.9 (8.3) | F: 2.8 (1.0) M: 2.6 (8.3) | 14.7 (3.3) | – | 34.0 (7.3) | – | – | – | – | ||||||
| 3.25 (0.5) † | |||||||||||||||||
| Methathrathip et al. 2005 | Thai (n = 160) | Dry human skulls (n = 105) – mean age 48.1 years; sexed (68M, 37F); Human cadavers (n = 55) | 4.9 (0.9) | 2.7 (0.5) | 16.2 (1.3) | 2.1 (1.3) | – | – | 6.7 (2.3) | – | – | ||||||
| Wang et al. 1988 | Chinese (n = 100) | Dry human skulls; adult; sexed | – | 16.0 (0.2) | 16.0 (0.1) | 3.9 (0.1) | 4.3 (0.1) | – | – | – | – | – | |||||
| 16.0 (0.1) | 4.1 (0.1) | ||||||||||||||||
| Brazilian studies (total sample n = 408) | |||||||||||||||||
| Ikuta et al. 2013 | Brazilian (n = 50) | CBCT scans; mean age 35.8 years; sexed (27M, 23F) | 3.1† (0.5) | 15.2 (1.45) | – | – | – | – | 7.9 (2.0) | – | |||||||
| Lopes et al. 2011 | Brazilian (n = 94) | Dry human skulls; adult; sexed (65M, 29F) | – | 15.6 (1.3) | 15.4 (1.4) | 3.4 (1.2) | 3.5 (1.1) | – | – | – | – | – | |||||
| Chrcanovic & Custódio, 2010 | Brazilian (n = 80) | Dry human skulls; age unknown; unsexed | – | 14.7 (1.6) | 14.4 (1.4) | 3.4 (1.1)* | 36.2 (3.2) | 36.5 (3.3) | 22.1 (2.7) | 23.3(2.5) | – | – | – | ||||
| Teixeira et al. 2010 | Brazilian (n = 141) | Dry human skulls; mean age 31.6 ± 13.1 years; sexed (82M, 59F) | – | 15.7 (1.6) | 16.2 (1.6) | – | 39.3 (3.4) | 39.1 (3.8) | – | – | – | – | |||||
| Urbano et al. 2010 | Brazilian (n = 43) | Dry human skulls; adult; unsexed | – | 16.6 | 16.4 | 4.5 | 4.6 | – | – | – | – | – | |||||
| Indian studies (total sample n = 937) | |||||||||||||||||
| Dave et al. 2013 | Indian (W) (n = 100) | Dry human skulls; adult; sexed (60M, 39F, 1U) | – | F: 16.2 (1.6) M: 16.7 (1.1) | F: 16.4 (1.1) M: 16.6 (1.1) | F: 6.7 (1.2) M: 6.9 (1.3) | F: 7.0 (1.3) M: 6.9 (1.2) | – | – | – | – | – | |||||
| Sharma & Garud, 2013 | Indian (W) (n = 100) | Dry human skulls; adult; unsexed | 4.7 (1.1) | 3.25 (0.5) † | 14.7 (1.4) | 14.7 (1.4) | 3.4 (1.5) | 3.4 (1.5) | 35.4 (2.8) | 35.7 (2.6) | – | – | – | 12.1 (2.5) | 11.5 (1.9) | ||
| Jotania et al. 2013 | Indian (W) (n = 60) | Dry human skulls; adult; unsexed | – | 14.8 (1.2) | 14.8 (1.5) | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||
| D'Souza et al. 2012 | Indian (SW) (n = 40) | Dry human skulls; adult; unsexed | – | 14.6 (1.5) | 14.4 (1.4) | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||
| Kumar et al. 2011 | Indian (N) (n = 100) | Dry human skulls; adult; unsexed | – | 14.3 (1.4) | 14.4 (1.3) | 3.6 (0.9) | 3.6 (0.9) | 36.6 (2.2) | 35.7 (3.9) | – | – | – | – | ||||
| 14.3 (1.3) * | 3.6 (0.9) * | 36.2 (3.21) * | |||||||||||||||
| Saralaya & Nayak, 2007 | Indian (SW) (n = 132) | Dry human skulls; adult; unsexed | – | 14.7 (0.2) | 14.7 (0.2) | 4.2 (0.1) | 4.2 (0.1) | 37.2 (0.3) | 37.4 (0.3) | 21.1 (4.2) | 21.1 (4.2) | – | – | – | |||
| 14.7 (0.3) * | 4.2 (0.2) * | 37.3 (0.7) * | 21.1 (2.0) * | ||||||||||||||
| Sujatha et al. 2005 | Indian (S) (n = 71) | Dry human skulls; adult; unsexed | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||||
| Ajmani, 1994 | Indian (N) (n = 34) | Dry human skulls; adult, unsexed | – | 14.7 (1.0) | 14.6 (1.1) | 3.7 (1.2) | 3.7 (1.4) | – | – | – | – | – | |||||
| Westmoreland & Blanton, 1982 | Indian (E) (n = 300) | Dry human skulls; adult; unsexed | – | 14.8 (0.1) | 15.0 (0.1) | 1.9 (0.04) | 1.9 (0.04) | – | – | – | – | – | |||||
| Studies from other regions | |||||||||||||||||
| Fu et al. 2011 | American (n = 11) | Fresh cadaver heads; mean age 75.7 years; 100% M | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||||
| Jaffar & Hamadah, 2003 | Caucasian (Iraqi) (n = 50) | Dry human skulls; adult; unsexed | 4.6 (1.0) | 2.8 (0.6) | 15.7 (1.4) * | 4.9, (0.1) *,‡ | – | – | – | – | – | ||||||
| Malamed & Trieger, 1983 | Mixed (61.8% European, 27.9% American, 10.3% African) (n = 204) | Dry human skulls; adult; unsexed | – | – | 7.0*,§ | – | – | – | – | 12.2*,§ | |||||||
AP, anterior–posterior GPF dimension; AR, alveolar ridge; CBCT, cone-beam computed tomography; F, female; GPF, greater palatine foramen; HRCT, high-resolution computed tomography; IF, incisive foramen; LM, lateral–medial GPF dimension; M, male; MMS, midline maxillary suture; n, number; NA, not available; PBHP, posterior border of the hard palate; PH, pterygoid hamulus; SD, standard deviation; U, unknown. (E), east; (N), north; (S), south; (W), west – referring to the geographical region from which the study samples were collected.
This table presents the data from 27 studies containing relevant measurements. The study population from the work of Ajmani (17) has been divided in two, as the study analyses two different populations (African and Indian). Hence the 28 positions in the table.
*
Mean value for both sides.
†
GPF diameter.
‡
Distance between GPF centre and the most lateral point of the PBHP (in all other studies distance between GPF and the nearest medial aspect of the PBHP).
§
Authors only measure with an accuracy of 0.5 mm. Range for GPF–PBHP distance 3–12 mm. Range for GPF–PH tip 5.0–20.5 mm.
¶
Measured only on CT scans.