Table 4.
Comparison of studies on the subject of GPF – part II
| Study | Population (number of samples) | GPF opening direction (%) | Palatal vault shape | Mean palatal vault height (SD) (mm) | Mean palatal breadth (SD) (mm) | Mean palate length (SD) (mm) | PI (%) | PHI (%) | GPF posterior palatine crest (%) | Mean LPF number (SD) (range) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I-A-M | I-A-L | Anterior | Vertical | R | L | R | L | ||||||||
| European studies (total sample n = 1521) | |||||||||||||||
| Tomaszewska et al. 2014 (this study) | Polish (n = 1350) | 82.6 | 3.8 | 7.4 | 5.2 | U-shaped 100% Flat: 22.0% Arched: 58.7% High-arched: 19.3% | 13.1 (2.7) | 46.9 (3.3) | 47.0 (4.5) | 99.8 (5.4) | 30.1 (3.1) | 32.4* | 30.7* | 1.6* | 1.5* |
| (0–5)* | |||||||||||||||
| Nimigean et al. 2013 | Romanian (n = 100) | 82.0 | – | 13.0 | 5.0 | – | – | 46.9 | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Piagkou et al. 2012 | Greek (n = 71) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 57.8 | 56.3 | 1.8 | 1.6 | |||
| (1–5) | |||||||||||||||
| African studies (total sample n = 440) | |||||||||||||||
| Osunwoke et al. 2011 | Nigerian (n = 150) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 1.3 (0.5) | 1.2 (0.4) | ||||
| Ajmani, 1994 | Nigerian (n = 65) | 58.7 | 38.7 | – | – | U-shaped: 100% | 30–80 mm | – | – | – | – | 24.6† | – | ||
| Hassanali & Mwaniki, 1984 | Kenyan (n = 125) | 74.0 | – | – | 26 | – | 12.2 (1.6) | 40.2 (3.6) | 49.2 (3.6) | 82.0 (7.8) | 30.3 (6.3) | 43.7† | 1.6 | 1.7 | |
| (0–5) | |||||||||||||||
| Langenegger et al. 1983 | South African (n = 100) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 90.0 | 91.0 | – | ||||
| Asian studies (total sample n = 301) | |||||||||||||||
| Klosek & Rungruang, 2009 | Thai (n = 41) | – | – | 14.8 (3.6) | 31.1 (5.2) | 51.4 (5.8) | 61.0 (13.0) | – | – | – | |||||
| Methathrathip et al. 2005 | Thai (n = 160) | – | – | – | 97.6 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Wang et al. 1988 | Chinese (Taiwan) (n = 100) | – | – | 90.0 | 10.0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Brazilian studies (total sample n = 80) | |||||||||||||||
| Chrcanovic & Custódio, 2010 | Brazilian (n = 80) | 18.8 | 0.0 | 69.4 | 11.9 | – | – | – | 52.4 (4.6) | – | – | – | – | ||
| Indian studies (total sample n = 866) | |||||||||||||||
| Dave et al. 2013 | Indian (W) (n = 100) | – | – | 4.0 | 96.0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
| Jotania et al. 2013 | Indian (W) (n = 60) | – | – | – | 37.8 | 49.7 | 76.1 | – | – | 1.7 | 1.7 | ||||
| (0–4) | |||||||||||||||
| Sharma & Garud, 2013 | Indian (W) (n = 100) | 49.5 | 3.5 | 2.0 | 45.0 | – | – | – | – | – | – | 32.3 | 23.2 | 1.4 | 1.4 |
| 27.8† | (0–5) | ||||||||||||||
| D'Souza et al. 2012 | Indian (SW) (n =40) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Single LPF: 62.5% 2 LPF: 30% 3 LPF: 7.5% | |||||
| Kumar et al. 2011 | Indian (N) (n = 100) | 19.0 | 73.0 | 1.0 | 7.0 | Flat: 20% Arched: 69% High-arched: 11% | – | – | – | – | – | 1.0† | 1.2 (0.5) | 1.3 (0.5) | |
| (0–3) | |||||||||||||||
| Saralaya & Nayak, 2007 | Indian (SW) (n = 132) | 46.2 | 12.5 | 41.3 | – | Flat: 37.1% Arched: 46.2% High-arched: 16.7% | – | – | – | – | – | – | (1–4) | ||
| Ajmani, 1994 | Indian (N) (n = 34) | 91.4 | – | – | – | U-shaped: 100% | 30–80 mm | – | – | – | – | 25.3† | – | ||
| Westmoreland & Blanton, 1982 | Indian (E) (n = 300) | – | – | 18.0 | 82.0 | U-shaped: 100% | 40–80 mm | – | – | – | – | 16.0† | – | ||
| Studies from other regions | |||||||||||||||
| Fu et al. 2011 | American (n = 11) | – | – | 14.1 (2.5) | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||||
| Jaffar & Hamadah, 2003 | Caucasian (Iraqi) (n = 50) | 60.0 | – | 36.0 | 4.0 | – | – | 39.3 (3.4) | 50.8 (3.6) | 77.6 (6.0) | – | 67.0%† | Single LPF: 41%multiple LPF: 55%absent LPF: 4% | ||
| Malamed & Trieger, 1983 | Mixed (n = 204) | – | – | 38.7 | 61.3 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | ||
F, females; GPF, greater palatine foramen; LPF, lesser palatine foramen/foramina; M, males; SD, standard deviation.GPF opening direction: I-A-M: inferiorly antero-medially; I-A-L: inferiorly antero-laterally.
PI (palatine index): palatine breadth to palatine length ratio (%); PHI (palatine height index): palatine height to palatine breadth ratio (%).
Palatine breadth: measured at the level of maxillary second molars. Palatine length: distance between the orale and staphylion points.
This table presents the data from 21 studies containing relevant measurements. The study population from the work of Ajmani (17) has been divided in two, as the study analyses two different populations (African and Indian). Hence the 22 positions in the table.
Measured only in 150 dry, adult skulls.
Mean value for both sides.