Table 3.
Longitudinal regression models of parent, child and neighborhood factors on body mass index (BMI), moderate-vigorous physical activity (%MVPA) and sedentary time (%SED)
| BMI b, p-value | %MVPA b, p-value | %SED b, p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Time of assessment | |||
| FU1 v Baseline | 0.89, p = 0.0001a | • | 2.49, p = 0.0001d |
| FU2 v Baseline | 1.63, p = 0.0001a | • | 5.05, p = 0.0001d |
| Baseline explanatory variables | |||
| Child gender | |||
| boy vs. girl | 0.79, p = 0.11 | 5.45, p = 0.0001† | −1.19, p = 0.08§ |
| Respondent age | |||
| Child | 0.94, p = 0.002 | −0.40, p = 0.03 | 2.48, p = 0.0001 |
| Maternal | • | • | • |
| Paternal | • | −0.05, p = 0.02 | 0.06, p = 0.33¥ |
| Education level | |||
| Maternal | • | −0.10, p = 0.04 | • |
| Paternal | • | • | • |
| Spanish-language acculturation | |||
| Maternal | 0.45, p = 0.04 | • | −0.72, p = 0.14 |
| Paternal | • | −0.125, p = 0.17 | 1.61, p = 0.01 |
| Household characteristic | |||
| Income | • | • | • |
| Size | −0.06, p = 0.07 | • | −0.53, p = 0.005 |
| Neighborhood characteristic | |||
| Disorder | • | • | −1.03, p = 0.10 |
| Victimization | • | • | • |
| Time-varying explanatory variables | |||
| Child BMI | |||
| BMItv | n/a | −0.13‡, p = .0002 | • |
| BMIbase | n/a | • | • |
| BMIΔ | n/a | • | • |
| Pubertal status (PS) | |||
| PStv | n/e | −0.83, p = 0.06 | • |
| PSbase | 4.42, p = 0.0001 | • | • |
| PSΔ | • | • | • |
| Maternal BMI | |||
| BMItv | n/e | n/e | n/e |
| BMIbase | 0.21, p = 0.0001b | • | • |
| BMIΔ | 0.05, p = 0.09b | −0.18, p = 0.004 | 0.51, p = 0.003 |
| Paternal BMI | |||
| BMItv | 0.11, p = 0.03 | • | n/e |
| BMIbase | • | • | 0.15, p = 0.14e |
| BMIΔ | • | • | −0.74, p = 0.07e |
| Interactions | |||
| Gender-by-child BMI | • | • | |
| BMItv among boys | −0.22, p = 0.0002c | ||
| BMItv among girls | −0.05, p = 0.19c | ||
| Gender-by paternal age | • | • | |
| Paternal age among boys | −0.14, p = 0.10f | ||
| Paternal age among girls | 0.26, p = 0.001f | ||
Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, FU1 Follow-up 1-year, %MVPA moderate-vigorous physical activity, %SED sedentary time, FU2 Follow-up 2-years.
Statistical notation: interaction effects not tabled were removed via backward elimination; n/a: not included as an explanatory variable for the child BMI outcome; n/e: time-varying explanatory variable was never entered into the model because the corresponding between-person (base) and within-person (Δ) effects significantly differed; •: effect removed via backward elimination.
aomnibus 2 df p-value = 0.0001; bp-value for difference between effect estimates = 0.0034.
cchild gender-by-BMI interaction p-value = 0.02; domnibus 2 df p-value = 0.0001; ep-value for difference between effect estimates = 0.04; fchild gender-by-paternal age interaction p-value = 0.0005.
†effect of child gender at the average child BMI value; ‡effect of time-varying child BMI averaged across boys and girls; §effect of child gender at the average paternal age; ¥effect of paternal age averaged across boys and girls.