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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Feb 7.
Published in final edited form as: N Engl J Med. 2014 Jul 16;371(6):507–518. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1312625

Figure 5. Analysis of Dermal Vascular Endothelial-Cell Activation.

Figure 5

The images show tissue immunofluorescence staining of skin-biopsy samples from Patient 2 and a healthy control. Endothelial-cell marker CD31 (green) was costained with intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1, red) and coagulation marker tissue factor (TF, red). Shown is a damaged endothelial-cell layer in Patient 2 with loss of continuous staining of CD31 in the endothelial lining (lower panels) and a preserved endothelial-cell layer in healthy controls (upper panels). Both ICAM-1 and TF were absent in control cells but were up-regulated in the endothelial cells from Patient 2. Nuclei were stained blue with 4′,6-diamidine-2-phenylidole dihydrochloride (DAPI). The scale bars represent 20 μm.