| Drinking water |
Principle route of transmission in the tropics; does not apply in industrialized nations owing to better hygiene |
Emerson 2004 (40) |
| Pork meat |
Thought to be principle route of transmission in industrialized nations (virus inactivated by heating to over 70 °C) |
Banks 2004 (e5) |
| Blood products |
Precise role in industrialized nations not yet conclusively clarified, but possible source of infection. Universal testing of blood products for HEV would eliminate this risk but has not yet been recommended by the responsible authorities. |
Nelson 2014 (e6) |
| Sea food |
For example as cause of an outbreak on a cruise ship (essential to avoid uncooked food) |
Said 2009 (13) |
| Strawberries |
Relevant source of infection particularly in children. Still unclear whether thorough washing reduces the risk. |
Halac 2011 (e7) |
| Person-to-person transmission |
Described in Uganda and, in isolated cases, in Europe (risk reduced by good hygiene) |
Teshale 2011 (e8) |
| Transplanted organs |
Described in individual cases. Universal testing of all transplants for HEV has not yet been recommended. |
Schlosser 2011 (e9) |
