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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Acad Med. 2014 Oct;89(10):1398–1407. doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000000400

Table 3.

Multivariate Logistic Regression Models Comparing MD-PhD Program Enrollees (n = 2,575) to Other MD Program Enrollees (n = 80,856) and to Non-Medical School Matriculants (n = 124,005), Adjusting for All Variables in Each Model

Variable MD-PhD program enrollees vs. other MD program enrollees aOR (95% CI) P value MD-PhD program enrollees vs. non- medical school matriculants aOR (95% CI) P value
Gender
 Men 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref)
 Women 0.93 (0.85–1.01) .095 1.08 (0.98–1.19) .144
Race/ethnicity
 White 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref)
 Black 1.45 (1.19–1.78) < .001 5.63 (4.24–6.77) < .001
 Hispanic 0.99 (0.81–1.20) .899 2.12 (1.71–2.64) < .001
 Asian/Pacific Islander 0.87 (0.78–0.97) .014 0.85 (0.75–0.97) .012
 Native American/Alaska Native 0.43 (0.10–1.81) .251 1.16 (0.26–5.20) .849
 Other/multiple races/no response 1.26 (1.01–1.58) .044 0.67 (0.53–0.84) .001
High school summer laboratory research apprenticeship
 No 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref)
 Yes 1.31 (1.18–1.46) < .001 1.42 (1.25–1.61) < .001
College laboratory research apprenticeship
 No 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref)
 Yes 2.27 (2.06–2.51) < .001 3.02 (2.72–3.36) < .001
Most interesting areas of medicine:
 Biomedical research 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref)
 Public health aspects of disease 0.21 (0.18–0.25) < .001 0.36 (0.29–0.43) < .001
 Patient management 0.14 (0.13–0.16) < .001 0.29 (0.26–0.33) < .001
Importance of factors in decision to study medicine
 Research/finding curesa 2.46 (2.28–2.65) < .001 2.28 (2.11–2.48) < .001
 Statusb 0.65 (0.61–0.70) < .001 0.75 (0.70–0.81) < .001
 Altruismc 0.66 (0.61–0.72) < .001 0.98 (0.88–1.08) .629
MCAT scores, quintiles
 < 19 0.06 (0.03–0.12) < .001 0.00 (0.00 0.00) < .001
 19–23 0.13 (0.10–0.17) < .001 0.01 (0.00–0.01) < .001
 24–26 0.23 (0.19–0.28) < .001 0.03 (0.03–0.04) < .001
 27–30 0.41 (0.37–0.46) < .001 0.15 (0.13–0.16) < .001
 ≥ 31 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref)
College Carnegie Classification
 Not specified 1.12 (0.89–1.40) .329 0.07 (0.06–0.08) < .001
 Other institutions 0.85 (0.56–1.28) .436 0.66 (0.42–1.02) .063
 BA/BS colleges 1.18 (1.03–1.36) .015 1.29 (1.10–1.50) .001
 Master’s colleges and universities 0.99 (0.84–1.17) .890 0.78 (0.65–0.94) .008
 Research universities with high research activity or doctoral/research universities 0.97 (0.84–1.12) .702 0.96 (0.82–1.12) .581
 Research universities with very high research activity 1.00 (ref) 1.00 (ref)

Note: aOR indicates adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; MCAT, Medical College Admission Test; BA/BS, baccalaureate arts and sciences. The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test indicated that each model fit the data (each P > .05).

a

aOR > 1.00 indicates greater likelihood of MD-PhD program enrollment with each increasing unit (1) of importance attributed to research/finding cures in one’s decision to study medicine.

b

aOR < 1.00 indicates lower likelihood of MD-PhD program enrollment with each increasing unit (1) of importance attributed to status in one’s decision to study medicine.

c

aOR < 1.00 indicates lower likelihood of MD-PhD program enrollment with each increasing unit (1) of importance attributed to altruism in one’s decision to study medicine.