Table 2.
Risk factors for goitre in schoolchildren resulting from logistic regression models in South Tajikistan, 2009
| |
Goitre |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |
Bivariate model
a
|
Multivariable model
b
|
||||
| Explanatory variables | OR | (95% CI) | P-value c | OR | 95% CI | P-value c |
| Demography |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Sex |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Male |
1.00 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Female |
1.16 |
(0.84, 1.60) |
0.370 |
|
|
|
| Age (years) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 7-8 |
1.00 |
|
|
|
|
|
| 9 |
1.11 |
(0.73, 1.71) |
|
|
|
|
| 10-11 |
1.32 |
(0.83, 2.09) |
0.462 |
|
|
|
| Location of school |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 1 |
1.00 |
|
|
|
|
|
| 2 |
1.49 |
(0.72, 3.07) |
|
|
|
|
| 3 |
2.42 |
(1.16, 5.05) |
|
|
|
|
| 4 |
2.68 |
(1.30, 5.55) |
|
|
|
|
| 5 |
1.63 |
(0.76, 3.48) |
|
|
|
|
| 6 |
0.85 |
(0.40, 1.80) |
|
|
|
|
| 7 |
1.28 |
(0.63, 2.58) |
|
|
|
|
| 8 |
2.08 |
(1.02, 4.22) |
|
|
|
|
| 9 |
0.35 |
(0.15, 0.78) |
|
|
|
|
| 10 |
0.51 |
(0.22, 1.14) |
<0.001 |
|
|
|
| Socioeconomic status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Bottom 40% |
1.00 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Middle 40% |
0.71 |
(0.49, 1.02) |
|
|
|
|
| Top 20% |
0.77 |
(0.49, 1.19) |
0.159 |
|
|
|
| Meat consumption per week |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| < 1 times |
1.00 |
|
|
|
|
|
| 1-2 times |
0.99 |
(0.66, 1.48) |
|
|
|
|
| 3-4 times |
1.26 |
(0.75, 2.11) |
|
|
|
|
| > 4 times |
0.81 |
(0.45, 1.47) |
0.596 |
|
|
|
| Source of drinking water |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Unprotected well, surface water |
1.00 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Piped water in dwelling |
0.61 |
(0.33, 1.14) |
|
|
|
|
| Water tap in yard (shared with neighbours) |
0.53 |
(0.25, 1.14) |
|
|
|
|
| Public tap/standpipe |
0.39 |
(0.27, 0.55) |
<0.001 |
|
|
|
| Infection with single or multiple species pathogenic parasited |
1.17 |
(0.83, 1.63) |
0.368 |
|
|
|
| Salt bought from |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Local shop in village or nearby town |
1.00 |
|
|
1.00 |
|
|
| Wholesale shop |
1.98 |
(1.14, 3.43) |
|
1.65 |
(0.90, 3.00) |
|
| Local market |
1.30 |
(0.87, 1.94) |
|
0.96 |
(0.58, 1.57) |
|
| Truckseller/across the border |
4.68 |
(0.96, 22.85) |
0.015 |
3.02 |
(0.55, 16.73) |
0.066 |
| Type of salt package |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Box |
1.00 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Plastic bag with label |
0.66 |
(0.37, 1.18) |
|
|
|
|
| Plastic bag without label |
1.02 |
(0.51, 2.06) |
|
|
|
|
| Loose |
0.80 |
(0.43, 1.48) |
0.268 |
|
|
|
| Frequency of buying salt |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Every 1–2 weeks |
1.00 |
|
|
1.00 |
|
|
| Once a month |
1.34 |
(0.84, 2.14) |
|
2.89 |
(1.01, 8.22) |
|
| Once every 2–3 months |
1.76 |
(1.04, 2.98) |
|
2.00 |
(0.85, 4.75) |
|
| Once every 6 months or less often |
1.47 |
(0.82, 2.64) |
0.195 |
2.26 |
(1.01, 5.04) |
0.040 |
| Quantity of salt bought last time |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| < 1 kg |
1.00 |
|
|
1.00 |
|
|
| 1 kg |
2.30 |
(0.88, 6.03) |
|
2.56 |
(0.81, 8.14) |
|
| > 1 kg to 5 kg |
1.58 |
(0.72, 3.47) |
|
1.85 |
(0.72, 4.73) |
|
| ≥ 5 kg |
2.24 |
(1.06, 4.72) |
0.073 |
1.96 |
(0.79, 4.87) |
0.128 |
| Storage of salt |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Container with lid |
1.00 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Container without lid |
1.24 |
(0.85, 1.79) |
|
|
|
|
| Leave in bag or packet |
0.67 |
(0.22, 2.05) |
0.368 |
|
|
|
| Household head has ever heard about iodized salt |
1.26 |
(0.53, 3.02) |
0.589 |
|
|
|
| Iodization level of salt |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Not iodized |
1.00 |
|
|
1.00 |
|
|
| Inadequately iodized (< 15 ppm) |
0.56 |
(0.38, 0.84) |
|
0.72 |
(0.44, 1.17) |
|
| Adequately iodized (≥ 15 ppm) |
0.76 |
(0.51, 1.14) |
0.017 |
1.25 |
(0.74, 2.11) |
0.055 |
| Thyroglobulin concentration |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Tg 4–40 μg/L |
1.00 |
|
|
|
|
|
| Tg < 4 μg/L |
1.05 |
(0.68, 1.62) |
|
|
|
|
| Tg >40 μg/L |
1.78 |
(1.14, 2.81) |
0.039 |
|
|
|
| Urinary iodine concentration (UIC) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| UIC ≥100 μg/L |
1.00 |
|
|
|
|
|
| UIC 50–99 μg/L |
0.71 |
(0.44, 1.14) |
|
|
|
|
| UIC <50 μg/L | 1.09 | (0.70, 1.70) | 0.067 | |||
aCrude Odds Ratio.
bSchool-level random effect included.
cP-value based on likelihood ratio test (LRT).
dPathogenic parasites: Helminths (Hymenolepis nana, Ascaris lumbricoides, Hookworm, Enterobius vermicularis, Trichuris trichiura, Fasciola hepatica, Hymenolepis diminuta, Dicrocoelium dendriticum), Intestinal protozoon (Giardia intestinalis, Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar.