Table 3.
Comparison of executive functions between four groups of older elderly men (≥75 years old)
| |
HC |
CVC |
LLD |
LLD + CVC |
ANOVA |
Post hoc
a
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (n = 33) | (n = 101) | (n = 34) | (n = 49) | ( F , p value)/ χ 2 | ||
| TNE |
57.58 ± 23.43 |
68.75 ± 19.16 |
74.71 ± 13.12 |
80.02 ± 17.59 |
(F = 10.31, p < 0.0005) |
HC > CVC > LLD + CVC, HC > LLDb |
| PE |
37.09 ± 20.22 |
38.21 ± 21.05 |
38.03 ± 17.91 |
47.18 ± 26.01 |
(F = 2.31, p = 0.08) |
HC > LLD + CVC (p = 0.04), CVC > LLD + CVCb |
| CLR |
42.00 ± 21.74 |
30.86 ± 18.13 |
27.24 ± 14.21 |
18.24 ± 16.29 |
(F = 11.86, p < 0.0005) |
HC > CVC, LLD, LLD + CVC; CVC > LLD + CVCb |
| NCC |
3.33 ± 1.76 |
1.92 ± 1.55 |
1.21 ± 1.01 |
0.71 ± 1.08 |
(F = 24.47, p < 0.0005) |
HC > CVC, LLD + CVC, HC > LLDb |
| TCFC |
34.09 ± 31.83 |
54.57 ± 42.99 |
70.82 ± 42.53 |
94.35 ± 46.32 |
(F = 15.87, p < 0.0005) |
HC > LLD, LLD + CVC; CVC > LLD + CVC; HC > CVCb |
| TMT-A |
122.09 ± 92.76 |
128.57 ± 75.85 |
126.26 ± 31.69 |
148.06 ± 73.52 |
(χ2 = 8.93, p = 0.03)c |
HC > LLD (p = 0.047), LLD + CVC, CVC > LLD + CVC (p = 0.036)d |
| TMT-B |
2462.21 ± 147.96 |
280.86 ± 107.84 |
265.82 ± 50.92 |
326.18 ± 91.67 |
(χ2 = 9.93, p = 0.02)c |
HC > LLD + CVD, CVC > LLD + CVC (p = 0.049), LLD > LLD + CVCd |
| TMTB-A |
140.28 ± 75.19 |
151.21 ± 72.31 |
136.36 ± 43.74 |
173.86 ± 48.76 |
(χ2 = 9.49, p = 0.02)c |
HC > LLD + CVD, CVC > LLD + CVC (p = 0.044), LLD > LLD + CVCd |
| TMTB/A | 2.62 ± 1.08 | 2.47 ± 0.94 | 2.11 ± 0.63 | 2.31 ± 0.66 | (χ2 = 3.58, p = 0.31)c | - |
Data are presented as means ± SD. HC, healthy controls; CVC, older elderly men with cardiovascular comorbidities; LLD, older elderly men with late-life depression; LLD + CVC, older elderly men with late-life depression with cardiovascular comorbidities; TNE, total number of errors; PE, perseverative errors; CLR, conceptual level response; NCC, number of categories completed; TCC, trials to complete the first category. aThe direction of '>’ shows the performance from better to worse; bFisher's least significant difference post hoc test; cKruskal-Wallis test; dMann-Whitney U test.