Table 1.

Psychological variables and activity at screen, first month, and follow-up visit.

Variable	Screen	First month visit 1	Follow-up visit 2	Reference values
Cohen’s PSS (0–56: low–high)	17.8 ± 6.5	23.6 ± 5.3	19.1 ± 6.1	25.0 ± 8.212
Spielberger SAI (20–80: low–high)	34.5 ± 9.4	38.7 ± 10.7	32.7 ± 6.3	35.7 ± 10.417
CD-RISC2 (0–8: low–high)	6.9 ± 1.0	6.6 ± 0.8	6.5 ± 0.9	6.9 ± 1.518
Stress Level (0–10: low–high)	3.5 ± 1.8	5.9 ± 2.0	4.4 ± 1.7	4.2 ± 2.2519
Energy Level (0–10: low–high)	6.8 ± 2.2	5.4 ± 2.1	6.2 ± 1.5
Concentration (0–10: poor–good)	7.1 ± 2.1	6.2 ± 1.2	6.5 ± 1.4
Quality of Sleep (0–10: poor–good)	7.2 ± 2.5	5.8 ± 2.4	6.8 ± 1.5
Est. Daily Physical Activity (METS)	7.3 ± 4.9	7.2 ± 4.2	6.3 ± 6.7

Data are presented as mean ± SD. Data for the screen condition was collected by mail-in questionnaires prior to the start of residency, including estimated daily physical activity that was determined by the Minnesota Leisure-Time Physical Activity Questionnaire. PSS, perceived stress scale; SAI, state anxiety index; CD-RISC, Connor-Davidson Resiliency Scale abbreviated; METS, metabolic equivalents. As described in the Methods, reference values are published means from similar populations where available.