Table 1.
Included studies characteristics and prevalence rates*
| First author | Country | Age (months) | Sample size | Quality score/8 | High risk% (95% CI) | Moderate risk% (95% CI) | High and moderate risk% (95% CI) | Low/no risk% (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Armstrong [15] | Australia | 0-95 | 246 | 3 | 11.4 (8.0-16.0) | 21.9 (17.2-27.6) | 33.3 (27.7-39.5) | 66.7 (60.5-72.3) |
| Bethell [29] | USA | 10-71 | 22883 | 8 | 9.6(9.2-10.0) | 15.9 (15.5-16.4) | 25.5 (25.0-26.1) | 74.5 (73.9-75.0) |
| CHIS [50] | USA | 4-60 | 2884 | 7 | 25.6 (23.6-27.5) | 17.4 (15.6-19.2 | 43.0 (41.2-44.8) | 57.0 (55.2-58.8) |
| CHIS [49] | USA | 4-60 | 3029 | 7 | 19.9 (18.3-21.5) | 18.0 (16.4-19.6) | 37.9 (36.2-39.2) | 62.2 (60.4-63.9) |
| CHIS [48] | USA | 4-60 | 3058 | 7 | 26.3 (24.5-28.2) | 18.3(16.7-19.9) | 44.7 (72.9-46.4) | 55.3 (53.6-57.1) |
| CHIS [47] | USA | 4 to 60 | 3096 | 7 | 20.1 (17.6-22.5) | 19.7 (17.4-22.0) | 39.8 (38.1-41.5) | 60.2 (58.5-61.9) |
| Chuan [24] | Malaysia | 12-72 | 86 | 2 | 26 (17.5-35.8) | NA | NA | 17.0 (10.8-27.0) |
| Coghlan [28] | Australia | 18-69 | 262 | 3 | 9.2 (6.2-13.3) | 18.7 (14.4-23.9) | 27.9 (22.8-33.6) | 72.1 (66.4-77.2) |
| Davies [25] | UK | 0-24 | 76 | 5 | 2.6 (0.2-9.8) | 13.2 (7.2-22.8) | 15.8 (9.2-25.8) | 84.2 (74.2-90.8) |
| Glascoe [32] | USA | 24-84 | 408 | 5 | NA | NA | 34.6 (30.1-39.3) | 65.4 (60.7-69.9) |
| Glascoe [58] | USA | 3-93 (mean 46.5 SD 21.8) | 771 | 5 | 11.0 (9–13.4) | 26.0 (23.0-29.2) | 37.0 (33.6-40.4) | 63.0 (59.6-66.4) |
| Glascoe [33] | USA | mean 36 | 257 | 4 | 41.0 (35.0-47.0) | 40.0 (34.3-46.2) | 81.0 (75.6-85.3) | 19.0 (14.7-24.4) |
| Glascoe [33] | USA | mean 36 | 744 | 4 | 23.0 (20.1-26.2) | 26.0 (22.9-29.2) | 49.0 (45.4-52.5) | 51.0 (47.5-54.7) |
| Glascoe [14] | USA | 0.3-95 (mean 26 SD 20.6) | 47531 | 6 | 4.5 (4.3-4.7) | 13.7 (13.4-14.0) | 18.2 (17.9-18.6) | 81.8 (81.5-82.1) |
| Gustawan [59] | Indonesia | 3-12 | 170 | 3 | NA | NA | 31.0 (24.2-37.9) | 69.0 (62.1-75.8) |
| Ibironke [56] | USA | 6-71 (mean 38.5 SD 18.4) | 2381 | 7 | NA | NA | 21.4 (19.8-23.1) | 78.6 (76.9-80.2) |
| Kiing [41] | Singapore | 1-83 | 1806 | 3 | 7.5 (6.4-8.8) | 26.0 (24.1-28.1) | 33.5 (31.4-35.7) | 66.0 (64.3-68.6) |
| Kosht-Fedyshin [42] | Tanzania | 0-60 | 20 | 4 | 35.0 (18.1-56.9) | 0.0 | 35.0 (18.1-56.9) | 65.0 (43.1-81.9) |
| Limbos [43] | Canada | 12-60 | 331 | 5 | 13.9 (10.6-18.1) | 39.6 (34.5-45.0) | 53.5 (48.1-58.8) | 46.5 (41.2-51.9) |
| Malhi [44] | India | 24-60 | 79 | 2 | NA | NA | 39.2 (29.2-50.3) | 60.8 (49.7-70.8) |
| Matibag [45] | Philippines | 24-60 (mean 53.6) | 283 | 2 | 15.0 (11.2-19.5) | NA | NA | NA |
| McGookin [35] | USA | 9-24 | 385 | 3 | 5.2(3.4-8.0) | 17.4 (13.9-21.5) | 22.6 (18.7-27.1) | 77.4 (73.0-81.3) |
| Ng [18] | Canada | 0-83 (mean 46.1) | 419 | 6 | 9.3 (6.9-12.5) | 18.9 (15.4-22.9) | 28.2 (24.1-32.7) | 72.0 (67.3-75.9) |
| NSCH (2011/2012) [16] | USA | 4-60 | 28540 | 8 | 77.0 (10.1-11.9) | 15.2 (14.3-16.1) | 26.2(25.7-26.7) | 73.8 (72.7-75.0) |
| Oreto [46] | Philippines | 0-84 (means 53) | 318 | 4 | 15.1 (11.6-19.5) | 17.0 (13.3-21.5) | 32.1 (27.2-37.4) | 67.9 (62.6-72.8) |
| Palarca [51] | Philippines | 0.5-96 (means 52.6) | 421 | 3 | 9.0 (6.6-12.2) | 5.0 (3.3-7.6) | 14.0 (11.0-17.7) | 86.0 (82.3-89.0) |
| Restall (2009) [52] | Canada | 60 | 290 | 6 | 13.1 (9.7-17.5) | 32.4 (27.3-38.0) | 45.5 (39.9-51.3) | 54.5 (48.7-60.1) |
| Rose-Jacobs [37] | USA | 4-36 | 2010 | 5 | 13.8 (12.4-15.4) | NA | NA | NA |
| Roux [26] | USA | <60 | 2845 | 3 | 28.2 (26.6-29.9) | 27.5 (25.9-29.2) | 55.7 (53.9-57.5) | 44.3 (42.5-46.1) |
| Sarmiento Campos [31] | Spain | 6-42 | 1089 | 3 | 8.5 (7.0-10.4) | 23.0 (20.7-25.7) | 31.6 (28.9-34.4) | 68.4 (65.6-71.1) |
| Sices [38] | USA | 9-31 (means 17.6 SD 6.1) | 60 | 2 | 26.7 (17.1-39.1) | 10.0 (4.4-20.6) | 36.7 (25.6-49.4) | 63.3(50.6-74.4) |
| Stevens [7] | USA | 4.35 | 2068 | 6 | 23.4 (21.6-25.3) | 24.9 (23.1-26.8) | 48.3 (46.2-50.5) | 51.7 (49.5-53.9) |
| Theeranate [53] | Thailand | 0-72 | 216 | 3 | NA | NA | 4.2 (2.1-7.9) | 95.8 (92.1-97.9) |
| Tough [40] | Canada | Mean 38 (SD 8) | 792 | 4 | 10.8 (8.9-13.2) | 30.2 (27.1-33.5) | 41.0 (37.7-44.5) | 59.0 (55.5-62.3) |
| VSEHQ (2008) [54] | Australia | 60-83 | 54602 | 6 | 7.2 (7.0-7.4) | 16.5 (16.2-16.8) | 23.7 (23.3-24.0) | 76.3 (76.0-76.7) |
| Wake [55] | Australia | 63.4-90 | 853 | 3 | NA | NA | 35.0 (31.9-38.3) | 65.0 (61.7-68.1) |
| Zuckerman [34] | USA | <72 | 24933 | 7 | NA | NA | 22.4 (21.9-23.0) | 77.6 (77.05-78.1) |
*quality rating system as per quality rating tool developed by Public Health Agency in Canada [19].