mtDNA RCR mutation frequency in the frontal cortices of control, DS, DSAD and AD patients. A) The correlation of mtDNA RCR mutation frequency with aging in all four groups. B) The comparison of mtDNA RCR mutation frequency in four control brain groups for the age ranges: 0–23, 40–64, 65–70 and 71–95 years. C) The comparison of mtDNA RCR mutation frequencies of DSAD and AD brains to age-matched controls and DS brains. Because the control groups for DS (ages 0–40) and DSAD (ages 40–62) were not significantly different (see panel 3b), DS and DSAD control groups were grouped together.