Figure 1.

The two-compartment model in bone for novel therapeutics in metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer. The “epithelial compartment” contains the prostate cancer epithelial cell (top). The “stromal compartment” contains multiple different cell types including osteoblasts, osteoclasts, T-cells, and endothelial cells (bottom). Multiple autocrine and paracrine signaling pathways that contribute to prostate cancer progression are depicted. The different novel therapeutics that target these pathways are also shown. Please refer to the body of the text for additional details. AR = androgen receptor; ETA-R = endothelin type A receptor; VEGF = vascular endothelial growth factor; DHT = dihydrotestosterone; GF-R = growth factor receptor.