Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of the subjects by glucose tolerance and MS status
| NFG | IFG | DM | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MS (-) n = 3,071 | MS (+) n = 321 | p | MS (-) n = 413 | MS (+) n = 399 | p | MS (-) n = 34 | MS (+) n = 76 | p | |
| Age (yrs) | 42.1 ± 14.6 | 50.5 ± 15.5 | <0.001 | 49.4 ± 14.4 | 50.9 ± 13.0 | 0.129 | 51.6 ± 12.7 | 50.0 ± 13.2 | 0.536 |
| Sex (M/F, n) | 1188/1883 | 159/162 | <0.001 | 213/200 | 226/173 | 0.147 | 23/11 | 42/34 | 0.222 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.6 ± 2.9 | 26.3 ± 3.1 | <0.001 | 23.1 ± 2.9 | 25.9 ± 3.2 | <0.001 | 23.5 ± 3.3 | 26.1 ± 3.7 | 0.001 |
| Smoking (n,%) | |||||||||
| No smoker | 2353 (76.6) | 241 (75.1) | 0.535 | 316 (76.5) | 270 (67.7) | 0.005 | 24 (70.6) | 50 (65.8) | 0.620 |
| Current smoker | 718 (23.4) | 80 (24.9) | 97 (23.5) | 129 (32.3) | 10 (29.4) | 26 (34.2) | |||
| Alcohol (n,%) | |||||||||
| No drinker | 1,292 (42.1) | 158 (49.2) | 0.014 | 161 (39.0) | 153 (38.3) | 0.852 | 13 (38.2) | 29 (38.2) | 0.994 |
| Regular drinker | 1,779 (57.9) | 163 (50.8) | 252 (61.0) | 246 (61.7) | 21 (61.8) | 47(61.8) | |||
| Locationa (n,%) | |||||||||
| Urban area | 2,007 (65.4) | 189 (58.9) | 0.021 | 263 (63.7) | 254 (63.7) | 0.995 | 22 (64.7) | 45 (59.2) | 0.585 |
| Rural area | 1,064 (34.6) | 132 (41.1) | 150 (36.3) | 145 (36.3) | 12 (35.3) | 31 (40.8) | |||
| Household incomeb (n,%) | |||||||||
| 1st quartile (lowest) | 425 (13.8) | 78 (24.3) | <0.001 | 69 (16.7) | 64 (16.0) | 0.672 | 9 (26.5) | 18 (23.7) | 0.522 |
| 2nd quartile | 773 (25.2) | 77 (24.0) | 117 (28.3) | 100 (25.1) | 7 (20.6) | 21 (27.6) | |||
| 3rd quartile | 900 (29.3) | 82 (25.5) | 117 (28.3) | 125 (31.3) | 6 (17.6) | 19 (25.0) | |||
| 4th quartile (highest) | 973 (31.7) | 84 (26.2) | 110 (26.6) | 110 (27.6) | 12 (35.3) | 18 (23.7) | |||
| Education (n,%) | |||||||||
| Elementary school or lower | 499 (16.2) | 105 (32.7) | <0.001 | 102 (24.7) | 127 (31.8) | 0.109 | 13 (38.2) | 25 (32.9) | 0.686 |
| Middle school | 281 (9.2) | 38 (11.8) | 50 (12.1) | 52 (13.0) | 1 (2.9) | 6 (7.9) | |||
| High school | 1,216 (39.6) | 102 (31.8) | 163 (39.5) | 136 (34.1) | 9 (26.5) | 24 (31.6) | |||
| College or higher | 1,075 (35.0) | 76 (23.7) | 98 (23.7) | 84 (21.1) | 11 (32.4) | 21 (27.6) | |||
| Occupationc (n,%) | |||||||||
| Group 1 | 429 (14.0) | 40 (12.5) | 0.214 | 42 (10.2) | 44 (11.0) | 0.783 | 3 (8.8) | 11 (14.5) | 0.577 |
| Group 2 | 269 (8.8) | 25 (7.8) | 29 (7.0) | 29 (7.3) | 2 (5.9) | 5 (6.6) | |||
| Group 3 | 398 (13.0) | 57 (17.8) | 52 (12.6) | 52 (13.0) | 6 (17.6) | 14 (18.4) | |||
| Group 4 | 266 (8.7) | 21 (6.5) | 43 (10.4) | 50 (12.5) | 6 (17.6) | 9 (11.8) | |||
| Group 5 | 295 (9.6) | 36 (11.2) | 62 (15.0) | 68 (17.0) | 8 (23.5) | 11 (14.5) | |||
| Group 6 | 259 (8.4) | 27 (8.4) | 53 (12.8) | 42 (10.5) | 4 (11.8) | 5 (6.6) | |||
| Group 7 | 1,155 (37.6) | 115 (35.8) | 132 (32.0) | 114 (28.6) | 5 (14.7) | 21 (27.6) | |||
| Physical activityd (n,%) | |||||||||
| None | 1,270(41.4) | 153 (47.7) | 0.148 | 172 (41.6) | 166 (41.6) | 0.098 | 12 (35.3) | 31 (40.8) | 0.771 |
| Mild | 959 (31.2) | 92 (28.7) | 117 (28.3) | 105 (26.3) | 11 (32.4) | 19 (25.0) | |||
| Moderate | 297 (9.7) | 30 (9.3) | 37 (9.0) | 50 (12.5) | 6 (17.6) | 11 (14.5) | |||
| Vigorous | 545 (17.7) | 46 (14.3) | 87 (21.1) | 78 (19.5) | 5 (14.7) | 15 (19.7) | |||
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 180.9 ± 32.8 | 202.8 ± 33.9 | <0.001 | 193.7 ± 33.6 | 201.2 ± 35.8 | 0.002 | 206.8 ± 43.1 | 204.1 ± 35.2 | 0.732 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 103.9 ± 77.6 | 251.3 ± 192.9 | <0.001 | 105.7 ± 62.0 | 217.8 ± 156.2 | <0.001 | 114.1 ± 64.3 | 256.5 ± 177.5 | <0.001 |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 50.2 ± 10.6 | 38.9 ± 5.8 | <0.001 | 51.8 ± 10.0 | 41.4 ± 8.6 | <0.001 | 51.8 ± 10.0 | 40.8 ± 7.6 | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 110.0 ± 29.9 | 113.6 ± 44.2 | 0.145 | 120.7 ± 31.3 | 116.2 ± 40.3 | 0.080 | 132.2 ± 34.4 | 112.1 ± 38.5 | 0.010 |
| Non-HDL cholesterol (mg/dL) | 130.7 ± 32.6 | 163.9 ± 33.0 | <0.001 | 141.8 ± 32.6 | 159.8 ± 34.4 | <0.001 | 155.0 ± 40.7 | 163.4 ± 34.4 | 0.269 |
| Non-HDL/HDL ratio | 2.7 ± 1.0 | 4.3 ± 1.0 | <0.001 | 2.8 ± 0.8 | 4.0 ± 1.1 | <0.001 | 3.1 ± 0.9 | 4.1 ± 1.1 | <0.001 |
| BUN (mg/dL) | 13.7 ± 3.9 | 14.4 ± 3.9 | 0.003 | 15.2 ± 4.6 | 14.8 ± 3.8 | 0.143 | 16.3 ± 4.2 | 14.9 ± 4.2 | 0.092 |
| Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.89 ± 0.18 | 0.95 ± 0.21 | <0.001 | 0.92 ± 0.19 | 0.93 ± 0.20 | 0.394 | 0.89 ± 0.18 | 0.93 ± 0.24 | 0.440 |
| AST (IU/L) | 20.2 ± 13.1 | 23.4 ± 11.4 | <0.001 | 22.8 ± 25.2 | 24.4 ± 11.2 | 0.234 | 26.2 ± 21.4 | 31.7 ± 34.3 | 0.394 |
| ALT (IU/L) | 18.6 ± 14.8 | 27.4 ± 21.4 | <0.001 | 22.5 ± 43.3 | 28.7 ± 18.9 | 0.008 | 25.9 ± 16.9 | 34.1 ± 26.7 | 0.055 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mg/dL) | 88.7 ± 6.0 | 91.6 ± 5.1 | <0.001 | 105.9 ± 5.9 | 107.3 ± 6.5 | 0.001 | 160.8 ± 43.4 | 167.0 ± 45.2 | 0.505 |
| Fasting serum insulin | 8.50 ± 3.28 | 11.53 ± 7.42 | <0.001 | 9.52 ± 5.13 | 11.99 ± 7.24 | <0.001 | 11.80 ± 9.01 | 12.92 ± 8.52 | 0.533 |
| HOMA2%B (%) | 104.4 ± 28.7 | 118.6 ± 40.5 | <0.001 | 78.2 ± 25.5 | 88.7 ± 31.7 | <0.001 | 45.0 ± 26.9 | 47.8 ± 31.0 | 0.641 |
| HOMA2%S (%) | 102.7 ± 35.2 | 79.2 ± 28.7 | <0.001 | 91.9 ± 34.2 | 77.0 ± 32.7 | <0.001 | 84.2 ± 43.6 | 68.9 ± 34.0 | 0.076 |
by independent t-test or chi-square test, mean ± S.D. or n (%).
aThe 16 residential areas of the KNHANES were classified into two groups: urban areas, including metropolitan cities such as Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Incheon, Gwangju, Daejeon, and Ulsan, as well as metropolitan areas such as Gyeonggi province; rural areas, comprising Gangwon, Chungbuk, Chungnam, Jeonnam, Jeonbuk, Gyeongbuk, Gyeongnam, and Jeju provinces. bHousehold income was assigned to a category according to the following quartiles: 1st quartile (<bottom 25%), 2nd quartile (25-49%), 3rd quartile (50-75%) and 4th quartile (>top 25%). cOccupation group referred to the KSCO-6 classification. Group 1 indicates managers, professionals, technicians and associate professionals; group 2, clerical support workers; group 3, service and sales workers; group 4, skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers; group 5, craft and related trades workers, plant and machine operators, and assemblers; group 6, elementary occupations; group 7, housewife, student, and unemployed. dPhysical activity of the subjects was categorized according to their participation in recreational physical activity during the week prior to the survey: none, no or minimal activity; mild, >30 minutes of walking more than 5 days per week; moderate, >30 minutes of physical activity in which the subject was tired or breathing slightly hard compared to normal more than 5 days per week; vigorous, >20 min of vigorous physical activity in which the subject was exhausted or breathing hard compared to normal more than 3 days per week. MS indicates Metabolic syndrome; NFG, normal fasting glucose; IFG, impaired fasting glucose; DM, diabetes mellitus; BMI, body mass index; HDL, high density lipoprotein; LDL, low density lipoprotein; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; HOMA2%B, updated homeostasis model assessment for β-cell insulin secretion; HOMA2%S, updated homeostasis model assessment for insulin sensitivity.