Table 4.

Associations between participants’ characteristics and race/ethnicity based discrimination within healthcare settings among non-White participants

Explanatory variables		Discrimination due to race or ethnicity or skin color (n = 329)
		Unadjusted OR	Adjusted OR 3
Age§, years, mean (SD)		.94 [.75-1.18]	-
Male£		1.07 [.61-1.90]	-
Race	Black (ref)	1.0	-
	Other ethnic minority	.84 [.50-1.44]	-
Monthly income, CAD	<$500 (ref)	1.0	1.0
	$500-$999	1.80 [.98-3.32]	1.54 [.79-3.00]
	≥$1,000	1.96 [.94-4.09]	1.87 [.83-4.19]
Homeless for ≥3 years		1.57 [.92-2.68]	1.54 [.85-2.80]
CSI† ≥30		1.69 [.84-3.41]	1.67 [.75-3.70]
GAIN SDScr║	No/low (ref)	1.0	1.0
	Moderate	3.61 [1.43-9.13] **	3.66 [1.39-9.61]**
	High	2.82 [1.20-6.60] *	1.75 [.70-4.38]
Psychotic disorder‡		.97 [.57-1.67]	1.05 [0.58-1.89]
ED visits in the past 6 months	No visits (ref)	1.0	1.0
	1 visit	2.68 [1.38-5.19] *	3.17 [1.56-6.48] **
	≥ 2 visits	2.58 [1.34-4.96] *	2.27 [1.13-4.55] *

The adjusted model includes variables that were associated with the outcome variable at the level of P ≤.20 in the univariate analysis and presence of psychotic disorder as a control variable.

CI, confidence interval; OR, Odds Ratio (95% CI).

^§Age is measured in decades in logistic regression analyses.

^£Male category includes transgender/transsexual individuals.

^†CSI ≥30, score ≥30 on the Colorado Symptom Index indicates psychiatric disability and presence of clinically significant mental symptoms.

^║GAIN SDScr; Substance Disorder Screener. Counts are triaged into low (0 symptoms), moderate (1-2 symptoms), and high (3 or more symptoms) severity symptoms.

^‡MINI v. 6.0; the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview 6.0.

Model coefficients: χ2 (9, n=329) = 27.24, P < .01; Hosmer&Lemeshow test: χ2 (8, n=329) = 4.28, p =.83.

*p<.05; **p<.01; ***p<.001.