Table 3.

Potential preventive measures and pharmacological interventions in acute kidney injury

Preventive measures

Avoidance of nephrotoxic drugs

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors

Angiotensin receptor blockers

Hydration

Glycemic control

Maintenance of renal perfusion

Goal directed therapy

Ischemic preconditioning

Prevention of CI-AKI

Hydration

N-acetyl cysteine

Bicarbonate

Timing of surgery

Pharmacological interventions

Fenoldopam

Nesiritide

Sodium bicarbonate

Mannitol

Atrial natriuretic peptide

Brain-type natriuretic peptide

Early postoperative renal replacement therapy

Continuous renal replacement therapy

Ultrafiltration

CI-AKI: Contrast induced acute kidney injury.