Table 2.
Cross-sectional studies investigating the association of metabolic syndrome with various markers of subclinical organ damage
| Ref. | No. of subjects | LVM | LV diastolic | Carotid IMT | Micro- | CKD | Arterial |
| (population) | function | and plaques | albuminuria | stiffness | |||
| Mancia et al[21] | 2051 (Italian GP) | ↑ | - | - | - | - | - |
| Cuspidi et al[23] | 447 (Italian hypertensives) | ↑ | - | ↑ | ↑ | - | - |
| Leoncini et al[24] | 354 (Italian hypertensives) | ↑ | - | ↑ | ↑ | - | - |
| Mulè et al[26] | 353 (Italian hypertensives) | ↑ | Impaired | - | ↑ | - | - |
| Mulè et al[91] | 475 (Italian hypertensives) | ↑ | Impaired | - | - | - | - |
| Schillaci et al[92] | 618 (Italian hypertensives) | ↑1 | Impaired1 | - | - | - | - |
| Nicolini et al[93] | 200 (Italian hypertensives) | ↑1 | Impaired1 | - | - | - | - |
| Aijaz et al[94] | 2042 (United States GP) | ↑1 | Impaired1 | - | - | - | - |
| Sundström et al[96] | 820 (elderly Swedish GP) | ↑ | |||||
| de Simone et al[97] | 2758 (American Indian GP) | ↑ | Impaired | - | - | - | - |
| Burchfiel et al[98] | 1572 (United States Black GP) | ↑ | - | - | - | - | - |
| de las Fuentes et al[99] | 607 (United States GP) | ↑ | Impaired | - | - | - | - |
| Hwang et al[100] | 1599 (South Korean GP) | ↑ | Impaired | - | - | - | - |
| Kim et al[101] | 1886 (South Korean GP) | Impaired | = | - | - | ↑ | |
| Ingelsson et al[102] | 1945 (United States GP) | ↑ | - | ↑ | ↑ | - | - |
| Ferrara et al[103] | 340 (Italian hypertensives) | ↑ | = | ||||
| Aksoy et al[105] | 90 (Turkish subjects) | ↑ | Impaired | - | - | - | - |
| Mulè et al[88] | 93 (Italian hypertensives) | - | - | - | - | - | ↑ |
| Schillaci et al[119] | 169 (Italian hypertensives) | - | - | - | ↑ | - | ↑ |
| Scuteri et al[120] | 20750 (9 cohorts from Europe and United States) | - | - | - | - | ↑ | |
| Scuteri et al[121] | 6148 (Italian GP aged 14-102 years) | - | - | ↑ | - | - | ↑ |
| Scuteri et al[122] | 471 (United States GP) | - | - | ↑ | - | - | ↑ |
| Zanchetti et al[28] | 2034 (European hypertensives) | - | - | ↑ | - | - | - |
| Kawamoto et al[124] | 760 (Japanese patients) | - | - | ↑ | - | - | - |
| Irace et al[125] | 1853 (Italian GP) | = | |||||
| Chen et al[110] | 6217 (United States GP) | - | - | - | ↑ | ↑ | - |
| Chen et al[109] | 15160 (Chinese GP) | - | - | - | ↑ | ↑ | - |
| Navarro et al[111] | 8425 (Spanish hypertensives) | - | - | - | - | ↑ | - |
| Johns et al[112] | 574 (United States non-diabetic GP) | - | - | - | - | ↑ | - |
1
Only in women. LVM: Left ventricular mass; IMT: Intima-media thickness; CKD: Chronic kidney disease; =: No difference; ↑: Increased; -: Not evaluated; LV: Left ventricular; GP: General population.