Table 2.
miRNAs as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in myocardial infarction
| miRNAs as potential biomarker | Role of biomarker | Expression in body fluid | Species and body fluid | Ref. |
| let-7b | Potential diagnostic value | Up | Plasma; human | [72] |
| let-7f | Differentiating TTC and MI | Down | Plasma; human | [79] |
| miR-1 | Detection of AMI and AP | Up | Exosome, serum; human and mouse | [59] |
| Correlation with MI size | Up | Serum; rat and human | [60] | |
| Differentiating AMI and AP | Up | Serum; human | [61] | |
| Differentiating AMI and other cardiovascular diseases | Up | Plasma; rat and human | [67] | |
| Similar time course to cTnI and the same trend to cTnI concentration | Up | Plasma and tissue; human and mouse | [68,70] | |
| Differentiating AMI and non-AMI | Up | Plasma; human | [69] | |
| AMI biomarkers, not superior to cTnT | Up | Plasma; human | [71] | |
| Associated with various degree of cardiovascular damage (AMI, viral myocarditis, diastolic dysfunction, acute HF) | Up | Plasma; human | [76] | |
| No association with 30 d mortality post-MI and diagnosis of HF | Up | Plasma; human | [81] | |
| Biomarker for AMI, correlated with renal elimination | Up | Plasma, urine; human, pig | [85] | |
| Detected in urine | Up | Urine; rat | [86] | |
| miR-16 | Differentiating TTC and MI | Down | Plasma; human | [79] |
| Higher risk of impaired LV contractility | Up | Plasma; human | [83] | |
| miR-21 | Associated with various degree of cardiovascular damage (AMI, viral myocarditis, diastolic dysfunction, acute HF) | Nd | Plasma; human | [76] |
| Differentiating NSTEMI and CHF | Up | Plasma; human | [78] | |
| Time-dependent changes 2-90 d post-MI | Down, up | Plasma; human | [80] | |
| miR-26a | Differentiating TTC and MI | Down | Plasma; human | [79] |
| miR-27a | High risk of impaired LV contractility | Up | Plasma; human | [83] |
| miR-29a | Time-dependent changes 2-90 d post MI | Up | Plasma; human | [80] |
| miR-29b | Associated with various degree of cardiovascular damage (AMI, viral myocarditis, diastolic dysfunction, acute HF) | Nd | Plasma; human | [76] |
| miR-30a | Potential diagnostic value | Up | Plasma; human | [72] |
| miR-30c | Correlation with MI size | Up | Whole blood; human | [64] |
| miR-34a | Prognostic: correlated with LV end diastolic dimension | Up | Exosomes, serum; human | [62] |
| miR-101 | Higher risk of impaired LV contractility | Down | Plasma; human | [83] |
| miR-126 | The same trend to cTnI expression | Down | Plasma; human | [70] |
| Positive association to the risk for MI | Nd | Plasma; human | [84] | |
| miR-133a | Detection of AMI, AP: biomarker for cardiomyocyte death | Up | Exosome, serum; human and mouse | [59] |
| AMI biomarker, correlation to cTnI | Up | Plasma and whole blood; human | [66] | |
| Differentiating AMI and other cardiovascular diseases | Up | Plasma; rat and human | [67] | |
| Similar time-course to cTnI | Up | Plasma and tissue; human and mouse | [68] | |
| AMI biomarkers, not superior to cTnT | Up | Plasma; human | [71] | |
| Differentiating AMI and AP, positive correlation to severity of coronary stenosis | Up | Plasma; human | [75] | |
| Associated with various degree of cardiovascular damage (AMI, viral myocarditis, diastolic dysfunction, acute HF) | Up | Plasma; human | [76] | |
| Differentiating TCC and MI | Up | Plasma; human | [79] | |
| Biomarker for AMI, correlated with renal elimination | Up | Plasma, urine; human, pig | [85] | |
| miR-133b | Similar time-course to cTnI | Up | Plasma and tissue; human and mouse | [68] |
| miR-134 | Differentiating AMI and AP | Up | Serum; human | [61] |
| miR-145 | Correlation with MI size | Up | Whole blood; human | [64] |
| miR-146a | Associated with various degree of cardiovascular damage (AMI, viral myocarditis, diastolic dysfunction, acute HF) | Nd | Plasma; human | [76] |
| miR-150 | Associated with LV remodeling | Down | Plasma; human | [82] |
| Higher risk of impaired LV contractility | Down | Plasma; human | [83] | |
| miR-155 | Prognostic for cardiac death within 1 yr after MI | Up | Serum; human | [63] |
| Associated with various degree of cardiovascular damage (AMI, viral myocarditis, diastolic dysfunction, acute HF) | Nd | Plasma; human | [76] | |
| miR-181c* | Novel mirna dysregulated during MI | Nd | Whole blood; human | [65] |
| miR-186 | Differentiating AMI and AP | Up | Serum; human | [61] |
| miR-192 | Prognostic for development of ischemic HF | Up | Exosomes, serum; human | [62] |
| miR-194 | Prognostic: correlated with LV end diastolic dimension | Up | Exosomes, serum; human | [62] |
| miR-195 | Potential diagnostic value | Up | Plasma; human | [72] |
| miR-197 | Negative association to the risk for MI | Nd | Plasma; human | [84] |
| miR-208 | Differentiating AMI and AP | Up in AP compared to AMI | Serum; human | [61] |
| Differentiating AMI and other cardiovascular diseases | Up | Plasma; rat and human | [67] | |
| Time-dependent changes 2-90 d post MI | Up | Plasma; human | [80] | |
| Detected in urine | Up | Urine; rat | [86] | |
| miR-208b | AMI biomarkers, correlation to cTnT but not superior to cTnT | Up | Plasma; human | [71,76] |
| Differentiating STEMI and NSTEMI | Higher in STEMI | Plasma; human | [73] | |
| Associated with various degree of cardiovascular damage (AMI, viral myocarditis, diastolic dysfunction, acute HF) | Up | Plasma; human | [76] | |
| Higher risk for 30 d mortality post-MI and HF | Up | Plasma; human | [81] | |
| Biomarker for AMI, correlated with troponin | Up | Plasma, urine; human, pig | [85] | |
| miR-223 | Differentiating AMI and AP | Up | Serum; human | [61] |
| Associated with various degree of cardiovascular damage (AMI, viral myocarditis, diastolic dysfunction, acute HF) | Down | Plasma; human | [76] | |
| Negative association to the risk for MI | Nd | Plasma; human | [84] | |
| miR-328 | AMI biomarker, correlation to cTnI | Up | Plasma and whole blood; human | [66] |
| miR-380* | Prognostic for cardiac death within 1 yr after MI | Up | Serum; human | [63] |
| miR-423-5p | Before PCI compared to after | Up | Plasma; human | [77] |
| miR-499 | Differentiating AMI and AP | Up in AP compared to AMI | Serum; human | [61] |
| Differentiating AMI and other cardiovascular diseases | Up | Plasma; rat and human | [67] | |
| Similar time course to cTnI | Up | Plasma and tissue; human and mouse | [68] | |
| AMI biomarkers, correlation to cTnT but not superior to cTnT | Up | Plasma; human | [71,76] | |
| Differentiating STEMI and NSTEMI | Higher in STEMI | Plasma; human | [73] | |
| Differentiating MI, CHF and unstable AP | Up | Plasma; human | [74] | |
| Associated with various degree of cardiovascular damage (AMI, viral myocarditis, diastolic dysfunction, acute HF) | Up and also in acute HF | Plasma; human | [76] | |
| Differentiating NSTEMI and CHF | Up | Plasma; human | [78] | |
| Higher risk for 30 d mortality post MI and HF | Up | Plasma; human | [81] | |
| Biomarker for AMI, correlated with renal elimination | Up | Plasma, urine; human, pig | [85] | |
| miR-1915 | Novel miRNA dysregulated during MI | Nd | Whole blood; human | [65] |
| 11 miRNAs | Prognosis after MI | Up and down | Serum; human | [63] |
| 20 miRNAs | Predicting AMI (96% specificity; 90% sensitivity; 93% accuracy) | Up and down | Whole blood; human | [64] |
| A subset of miRNAs | Dysregulated during AMI course | Nd | Whole blood; human | [65] |
| 34 miRNAs | AMI biomarkers | 20 up, 14 down | Plasma and tissue; human and mouse | [68] |
| 19 candidate miRNAs | Prediction for risk of MI | Nd | Plasma; human | [84] |
AMI: Acute myocardial infarction; AP: Angina pectoris; cTnI: Cardiac troponin I; CHF: Chronic heart failure; cTnT: Cardiac troponin T; HF: Heart failure; LV: Left ventricle; MI: Myocardial infarction; Nd: Not determine; NSTEMI: Non-ST-elevation MI; PCI: Percutaneous coronary intervention; STEMI: ST-elevation MI; TTC: Takotsubo cardiomyopathy.