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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Anesthesiology. 2014 Oct;121(4):773–785. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000000352

Fig. 1. Amantadine attenuated surgery-induced learning and memory impairment.

Fig. 1

Four-month old Fischer 344 rats were subjected to right carotid exploration under intravenous anesthesia with or without the treatment of amantadine. Barnes maze training sessions started 1 week after the surgery. A: Barnes maze training sessions. Results are mean ± S.D. (n = 15). * P < 0.05 compared with the corresponding data on day 1. B: Barnes maze memory phase. C: fear conditioning. Results in panels B and C are in box plot format (n = 15). ●: lowest or highest score (the score will not show up if it falls in the 95th percentile); between lines: 95th percentile of the data; inside boxes: 25th to 75th percentile including the median of the data. & P < 0.05 compared with the control group, ^ P < 0.05 compared with surgery alone group.