Table 3.
Relative rate of asthma admissions in relation to a 10 μmg/m3 increase in 2-day moving average particulate matter (PM2.5)
| Hospital admissions outcome | All periods RR (95% CI)* | Pre-wildfire period RR (95% CI) | Wildfire period RR (95% CI) | p Value† | Post-wildfire period RR (95% CI) | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All respiratory | ||||||
| All ages | 1.009 (0.999 to 1.018) | 1.022 (1.004 to 1.040) | 1.028 (1.014 to 1.041) | 0.639 | 0.999 (0.968 to 1.031) | 0.198 |
| Ages 0–4 | 0.994 (0.967 to 1.021) | 0.982 (0.921 to 1.046) | 1.045 (1.010 to 1.082) | 0.103 | 0.894 (0.807 to 0.991) | 0.126 |
| Ages 5–19 | 1.014 (0.983 to 1.046) | 1.026 (0.946 to 1.113) | 1.027 (0.984 to 1.076) | 0.990 | 0.958 (0.852 to 1.077) | 0.354 |
| Ages 20–64 | 1.015 (1.002 to 1.029) | 1.036 (1.007 to 1.066) | 1.024 (1.005 to 1.044) | 0.534 | 1.007 (0.960 to 1.056) | 0.315 |
| Ages 65–99 | 1.009 (0.996 to 1.022) | 1.022 (0.994 to 1.050) | 1.030 (1.011 to 1.049) | 0.649 | 1.024 (0.976 to 1.074) | 0.932 |
| Asthma | ||||||
| All ages | ||||||
| Males and females | 1.022 (1.001 to 1.042) | 0.998 (0.949 to 1.050) | 1.048 (1.021 to 1.076) | 0.097 | 0.986 (0.910 to 1.068) | 0.792 |
| Males | 1.010 (0.980 to 1.040) | 1.021 (0.944 to 1.106) | 1.031 (0.990 to 1.073) | 0.848 | 1.063 (0.948 to 1.192) | 0.553 |
| Females | 1.029 (1.001 to 1.058) | 0.979 (0.913 to 1.050) | 1.059 (1.022 to 1.097) | 0.056 | 0.928 (0.829 to 1.037) | 0.412 |
| Ages 0–4 | ||||||
| Males and females | 0.996 (0.947 to 1.048) | 0.924 (0.824 to 1.035) | 1.083 (1.021 to 1.149) | 0.017 | 0.924 (0.767 to 1.113) | 0.999 |
| Males | 1.018 (0.963 to 1.076) | 0.942 (0.815 to 1.089) | 1.086 (1.016 to 1.162) | 0.101 | 1.057 (0.839 to 1.332) | 0.380 |
| Females | 0.937 (0.845 to 1.040) | 0.880 (0.706 to 1.099) | 1.073 (0.965 to 1.194) | 0.116 | 0.699 (0.515 to 0.949) | 0.214 |
| Ages 5–19 | ||||||
| Males and females | 1.006 (0.966 to 1.048) | 1.045 (0.936 to 1.167) | 0.999 (0.935 to 1.068) | 0.492 | 0.918 (0.788 to 1.069) | 0.198 |
| Males | 0.991 (0.935 to 1.051) | 1.034 (0.892 to 1.198) | 0.969 (0.883 to 1.064) | 0.462 | 0.979 (0.806 to 1.189) | 0.671 |
| Females | 1.026 (0.964 to 1.092) | 1.065 (0.901 to 1.260) | 1.033 (0.943 to 1.132) | 0.768 | 0.831 (0.640 to 1.079) | 0.136 |
| Ages 20–64 | ||||||
| Males and females | 1.043 (1.012 to 1.076) | 1.037 (0.957 to 1.123) | 1.041 (0.995 to 1.090) | 0.931 | 1.000 (0.882 to 1.132) | 0.624 |
| Males | 1.013 (0.954 to 1.077) | 1.159 (0.996 to 1.349) | 0.939 (0.837 to 1.053) | 0.026 | 1.275 (1.020 to 1.595) | 0.486 |
| Females | 1.052 (1.015 to 1.090) | 0.995 (0.904 to 1.096) | 1.064 (1.014 to 1.116) | 0.247 | 0.908 (0.780 to 1.056) | 0.310 |
| Ages 65–99 | ||||||
| Males and females | 1.027 (0.974 to 1.082) | 0.951 (0.849 to 1.064) | 1.101 (1.030 to 1.178) | 0.032 | 1.168 (0.967 to 1.412) | 0.072 |
| Males | 1.046 (0.957 to 1.142) | 0.948 (0.804 to 1.116) | 1.185 (1.077 to 1.305) | 0.029 | 0.902 (0.629 to 1.294) | 0.804 |
| Females | 1.018 (0.958 to 1.081) | 0.947 (0.813 to 1.102) | 1.065 (0.977 to 1.162) | 0.195 | 1.263 (1.024 to 1.557) | 0.032 |
| Acute bronchitis and bronchiolitis | ||||||
| All ages | 1.044 (0.990 to 1.102) | 1.001 (0.890 to 1.126) | 1.096 (1.018 to 1.179) | 0.223 | 1.031 (0.870 to 1.222) | 0.779 |
| Ages 0–4 | 1.017 (0.949 to 1.089) | 0.987 (0.847 to 1.149) | 1.092 (0.997 to 1.195) | 0.276 | 0.910 (0.700 to 1.183) | 0.588 |
| Ages 5–19 | No convergence | |||||
| Ages 20–64 | 1.039 (0.912 to 1.183) | 1.001 (0.792 to 1.266) | 1.044 (0.872 to 1.252) | 0.778 | 1.259 (0.921 to 1.722) | 0.275 |
| Ages 65–99 | 1.134 (1.039 to 1.238) | 1.073 (0.764 to 1.505) | 1.143 (1.032 to 1.265) | 0.730 | 1.190 (0.865 to 1.638) | 0.652 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | ||||||
| Ages 20–99 | 1.018 (0.994 to 1.042) | 1.007 (0.958 to 1.058) | 1.038 (1.004 to 1.075) | 0.320 | 1.024 (0.943 to 1.112) | 0.728 |
| Ages 20–64 | 1.022 (0.980 to 1.066) | 0.995 (0.916 to 1.081) | 1.068 (1.009 to 1.131) | 0.161 | 1.015 (0.893 to 1.153) | 0.781 |
| Ages 65–99 | 1.019 (0.992 to 1.048) | 1.014 (0.955 to 1.077) | 1.031 (0.990 to 1.074) | 0.660 | 1.023 (0.928 to 1.128) | 0.878 |
| Pneumonia | ||||||
| All ages | 1.009 (0.994 to 1.024) | 1.045 (1.012 to 1.078) | 1.028 (1.007 to 1.050) | 0.420 | 0.980 (0.927 to 1.035) | 0.045 |
| Ages 0–4 | 0.995 (0.944 to 1.049) | 1.048 (0.931 to 1.180) | 1.018 (0.948 to 1.092) | 0.691 | 0.823 (0.649 to 1.044) | 0.089 |
| Ages 5–19 | 1.030 (0.966 to 1.098) | 1.017 (0.882 to 1.172) | 1.064 (0.990 to 1.142) | 0.586 | 1.017 (0.767 to 1.349) | 0.998 |
| Ages 20–64 | 1.008 (0.982 to 1.035) | 1.041 (0.982 to 1.104) | 1.032 (0.994 to 1.072) | 0.823 | 1.013 (0.913 to 1.124) | 0.633 |
| Ages 65–99 | 1.011 (0.993 to 1.030) | 1.050 (1.006 to 1.097) | 1.029 (1.002 to 1.057) | 0.445 | 0.985 (0.920 to 1.055) | 0.127 |
| All cardiovascular | 0.996 (0.989 to 1.003) | 0.992 (0.976 to 1.009) | 1.008 (0.999 to 1.018) | 0.104 | 0.991 (0.964 to 1.019) | 0.955 |
| Ischaemic heart disease | 0.991 (0.980 to 1.003) | 0.990 (0.963 to 1.017) | 1.007 (0.990 to 1.024) | 0.313 | 0.989 (0.950 to 1.030) | 0.976 |
| Congestive heart failure | 0.989 (0.974 to 1.004) | 0.978 (0.942 to 1.015) | 1.016 (0.993 to 1.039) | 0.096 | 0.969 (0.914 to 1.027) | 0.791 |
| Cardiac dysrhythmia | 0.980 (0.962 to 0.998) | 0.979 (0.935 to 1.025) | 0.989 (0.961 to 1.017) | 0.721 | 0.976 (0.912 to 1.044) | 0.934 |
| Cerebrovascular disease and stroke | 1.019 (1.004 to 1.035) | 1.015 (0.980 to 1.052) | 1.016 (0.997 to 1.036) | 0.971 | 1.044 (0.987 to 1.104) | 0.379 |
*
Rate ratio and 95% confidence interval per 10 μg/m3 increase in 2-day moving average PM2.5, adjusted for fungal spore counts (asthma only), race, gender, county, median income, weekend, relative humidity, temperature, age and pressure gradient. RR×100 is the percentage increase in hospital admissions. Estimates for the three strata are derived from the product term models, while estimates for the full period are from a model without interaction terms
†
the product term p value for the difference with the pre-fire period.