Table 1.
Roles of cytokines on osteoclastogenesis.
| In Vitro | In Vivo | |
|---|---|---|
| TNF-α | Osteoclastogenic (i) Upregulates the expression of RANKL and osteoclast activators (ii) Enhances osteoclast differentiation synergistically with RANKL or independently of RANKL (iii) Inhibits osteoclast apoptosis |
Osteoclastogenic (i) Upregulates the expression of RANKL and osteoclast activators (ii) Induces osteoclastogenesis in the presence or absence of RANKL (iii) Plays a critical role in inflammatory arthritis (iv) Associated with estrogen-deficient osteoporosis and joint destruction in RA |
| References: [12, 21, 110–116] | References: [15, 24, 36, 117–119] | |
|
| ||
| IL-1 | Osteoclastogenic (i) Upregulates the expression of RANKL and osteoclast activators (ii) Enhances osteoclast differentiation synergistically with RANKL or independently of RANKL |
Osteoclastogenic (i) Induces osteoclastogenesis in the presence or absence of RANKL (ii) Mediates TNF-α-induced osteoclastogenesis (iii) Participates in physiological bone metabolism (iv) Associated with estrogen-deficient osteoporosis |
| References: [33, 35, 116, 120–122] | References: [23, 29–32, 36, 37] | |
|
| ||
| IL-6 | Osteoclastogenic (i) Upregulates the expression of RANKL and osteoclast activators (ii) Induces RANKL-dependent osteoclastogenesis |
Osteoclastogenic (i) Enhances osteoclastogenesis in the prepubertal stage (ii) Supports osteoclastogenesis in callus formation during fracture healing (iii) Associated with bone loss from inflammatory arthritis and estrogen deficiency |
| References: [10, 44, 123–129] | References: [46, 48, 49, 130–132] | |
| Antiosteoclastogenic (i) Suppresses the RANK signaling pathway (ii) Diverts cells into the macrophage lineage |
Antiosteoclastogenic (i) Suppresses the differentiation of early osteoclast precursor cells (ii) Decreases osteoclast formation, leading to reduced bone turnover |
|
| References: [6, 133, 134] | References: [46, 47, 135] | |
|
| ||
| IL-17 | Osteoclastogenic (i) Induces the expression of RANKL and proinflammatory cytokines (ii) Increases sensitivity to RANKL (iii) Enhances osteoclastogenesis via prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in osteoblasts |
Osteoclastogenic (i) Induces the expression of RANKL and proinflammatory cytokines (ii) Mediates estrogen-deficient osteoporosis |
| References: [1, 53, 136–141] | References: [52, 142–144] | |
| Anti-osteoclastogenic (i) Suppresses osteoclast formation at high concentrations (ii) Inhibits osteoclastogenesis by induction of GM-CSF |
||
| References: [145, 146] | ||
|
| ||
| IL-23 | Osteoclastogenic Induces osteoclastogenesis via IL-17 |
Osteoclastogenic (i) Induces the expression of RANKL (ii) Expands myeloid-lineage osteoclast precursors |
| References: [56] | References: [65, 147–150] | |
| Antiosteoclastogenic Inhibits osteoclast formation via T cells |
Antiosteoclastogenic Limits the resorption of immature bone below the growth plate |
|
| References: [57, 151] | References: [57] | |