Table 1.
Characteristics of the selected study
| Author | Year | Gene locus | Ethnic | Method | Male/number | Mean age | BMI | HWE | Confirmed standard | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Case | Control | Case | Control | Case | Control | Case | Control (sources) | |||||||
| Kisand [20] | 2012 | rs2476601/rs231775 | Caucasian | RFLP/TaqMan | 25/65 | 91/229 | 54.5 | 45.9 | NA | NA | Yes | Initially diagnosis of T2DM but with positive antibody (ICA/IA2A/GADA), no insulin treatment for at least 6 months | Healthy blood donors and hospitalized with no diabetes | |
| Okruszko [24] | 2012 | rs2476601 | Caucasian | PCR | 42/80 | NA/151 | 45.4 | NA | NA | NA | Yes | WHO criterion | Medical staff and medical students with no family history or autoimmune disease | |
| Liu [25] | 2012 | rs2476601 | Asian | PCR | 129/229 | 72/210 | 51.8 | 47.2 | 22.0 ± 4.2 | 22.4 ± 2.9 | No | Age at onset > 35 year, positive at least one positive antibody (GAD-Ab/IA2-Ab), excluded other types of diabetes | Healthy volunteers with normal in OGTT test and no history of autoimmune disease or negative in antibody test | |
| Cervin [9] | 2008 | rs2476601 | Caucasian (Swedish) | MALDI-TOF–MS | 73/164 | 553/1000 | 52.4 | 70.1 | 25.9 ± 5.6 | 27.6 ± 4.4 | Yes | Age at onset > 35 year, GAD antibody positive | Without family history of diabetes or treatment of hypertension | |
|
Caucasian (Finnish) |
MALDI- TOF–MS |
83/113 | 83/113 | 54.6 | 53.7 | 26.8 ± 5.0 | 25.9 ± 3.7 | Yes | ||||||
| Petrone [21] | 2008 | rs2476601 | Caucasian | PCR | 131/250 | 278/545 | 50.3 | 30.0 | NA | 21.8 ± 2.2 | Yes | Initial diagnosis of T2DM, and with positive GADAs antibody, no insulin requirement and no ketosis disease duration between 6 months to 5 years | Normoglycemic subjects with no family history of autoimmune disease | |
| Pettersen [22] | 2010 | rs2476601/rs231775 | Caucasian | TaqMan | 68/126 | 740/1503 | NA | NA | NA | NA | Yes | Anti-GAD positive, no insulin treatment within 12 months | A questionnaire with answer “no” of the question: having diabetes? | |
| Jin [23] | 2011 | rs231775 | Asian | PCR | 79/135 | 297/476 | 49.6 | 48.2 | NA | NA | Yes | Immunology of Diabetes Society criterion | Non-diabetic individuals with no family history and no autoimmune disease | |
| Haller [26] | 2007 | rs231775 | Caucasian | RFLP | 24/61 | 101/252 | 64.6 | 45.5 | NA | NA | Yes | T2DM patients with at least on positive antibody (ICA/IA-2/GAD 65) | Younger: the blood donation, older: hospitalized for various reasons, without T1DM and T2DM | |
| Caputo [27] | 2005 | rs231775 | Caucasian | PCR | NA/63 | NA/168 | 51.4 | NA | NA | NA | Yes | WHO criterion | Healthy person with no family history and normally fasting blood glucose level | |
| Cosentino [28] | 2002 | rs231775 | Caucasian | PCR | 22/80 | 42/85 | 51 | 48 | NA | NA | Yes | Initially classified as T2DM, and with islet antibodies | Employees of the university with no family history of diabetes | |
BMI body mass index, RFLP restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, MALDI-TOF–MS matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry, PCR polymerase chain reaction, NA not available