Peer pressure (e.g., expectation that medication is shared, may be facilitated by excessively high daily doses and large supplies) |
Habit (e.g., history of IV or intranasal drug use increases risk of injecting or snorting medication, respectively) |
Help addicted friend or family member |
Perceived under-dosing |
Make money (e.g., pay off bad debt, pay for living expenses/medical fees, to buy preferred opioid for misuse) |
Relieve opioid withdrawal, craving and/or treat addiction |
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Achieve positive effects (e.g., get high, increased energy) |
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Relieve negative states (e.g., pain, anxiety, depression) |