Table 1. Clinical, anthropometric, body composition and biochemical characteristics.
| Parameter | Male (n = 40) | Female (n = 40) | P value |
| Age (yrs.) | 39.1±10.1 (25.9) | 43.6±13.1 (30.0) | 0.08 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 122.2±5.9 (4.8) | 124.7±6.9 (5.6) | 0.09 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg) | 80.9±3.5 (4.4) | 80.1±4.7 (5.9) | 0.41 |
| Anthropometric and body composition characteristics | |||
| Height (cm) | 169.8±5.4 (3.2) | 154.1±5.0 (3.2) | <0.001 |
| Weight (kg) | 64.1±7.4 (11.6) | 60.2±9.7 (16.1) | 0.04 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.2±2.7 (12.1) | 25.6±4.5 (17.6) | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 80.2±6.3 (7.9) | 82.3±9.2 (11.2) | 0.22 |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 88.7±5.1 (5.7) | 100.2±5.5 (5.6) | <0.001 |
| Waist-to-hip ratio | 0.90±.05 (5.9) | 0.81±.05 (7.1) | <0.001 |
| Biceps skinfold (mm) | 7.7±2.1 (27.3) | 11.0±3.2 (29.0) | <0.001 |
| Triceps skinfold (mm) | 10.5±2.8 (27.2) | 19.0±4 (21.0) | <0.001 |
| Subscapular skinfold (mm) | 12.6±4.0 (32.4) | 23.6±5.9 (20.9) | <0.001 |
| Suprailiac skinfold (mm) | 13.1±3.6 (27.8) | 24.5±5.0 (20.5) | <0.001 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 11.4±4.7 (40.9) | 20.6±5.7 (27.8) | <0.001 |
| % Body fat | 17.4±6.0 (34.4) | 33.7±4.7 (14.1) | <0.001 |
| Fat free mass (kg) | 52.6±4.6 (8.9) | 39.4±4.4 (11.2) | <0.001 |
| Total abdominal fat (cm2) | 209±68.6 (32.8) | 331.3±56.5 (17.1) | <0.001 |
| Visceral abdominal fat (cm2) | 119.9±37.2 (31.1) | 118.3±33.0 (27.9) | 0.84 |
| Subcutaneous abdominal fat (cm2) | 72 (56, 117.5)* | 197 (167, 261)* | <0.001 |
| Subcutaneous adipocyte size (µm) | 59.3±5.08 (8.5) | 59.8±5.18 (8.66) | 0.66 |
| Omental adipocyte size (µm) | 54.8±4.4 (8.0) | 54.4±4.46 (8.2) | 0.72 |
| Biochemical parameters | |||
| Fasting blood glucose (mg/dL) | 82.0±8.2 (10.1) | 87.8±13.9 (15.9) | 0.02 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 129.2±28.6 (22.2) | 148.4±35.4 (23.9) | 0.01 |
| Serum triglycerides (mg/dL) | 143.0±31.5 (22.0) | 128.9±26.4 (20.5) | 0.03 |
| High density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) | 39.1±5.1 (13.1) | 49.9±6.3 (12.8) | <0.001 |
| Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg/dL) | 90.5±29.0 (33.0) | 98.8±24.4 (24.7) | 0.17 |
| Fasting insulin(µU/mL)* | 6.40 (3.59,16.03) | 8.12 (3.83, 16.62) | 0.36 |
| HOMA-IR* | 1.29 (0.68, 3.14) | 1.61 (0.75, 3.80) | 0.33 |
| hsCRP (mg/L)* | 1.0 (0.67, 2.3) | 1.55 (0.9, 3.5) | 0.11 |
Values in mean±SD (coefficient of variation);
* mean (interquartile range).
HOMA-IR: Homeostatic model of assessment-insulin resistance; hsCRP: high sensitivity C-reactive protein.