Table 1. Baseline lifestyle and dietary characteristics by the percentage of total daily caloric intake from dinner.
| Lower tertile | Middle tertile | Higher tertile | |
| Number | 423 | 418 | 404 |
| % total kcal from dinner | <33 | 33–48 | ≥48 |
| Physical activity (METS h/week)1 | 22.4±9.6 | 21.2±8.9 | 21.3±9.1 |
| Actual smoking (%) | 24.6 | 24.2 | 23.3 |
| Hours sleep/day1 | 7.2±1.1 | 7.1±1.2 | 7.1±1.2 |
| Antidepressant use (%) | 4.0 | 2.6 | 3.5 |
| Restaurant foods >3/week | 2.4 | 2.9 | 3.9 |
| Skipping breakfast (%) | 7.8 | 28.7a | 22.3a |
| After-dinner eating (%) | 13.2 | 12.9 | 13.4 |
| Kcal from after-dinner eating1 | 100.3±15.7 | 104.0±36.9 | 105.6±37.9 |
| Frequency of eating occasions2 | |||
| 1 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 2.5 |
| 2 | 14.9 | 13.9 | 12.6 |
| 3 | 47.5 | 48.8 | 47.3 |
| 4 | 12.3 | 12.7 | 13.9 |
| ≥5 | 22.9 | 21.8 | 23.8 |
| Total intakes | |||
| Total kcal1 | 2053.9±657.3 | 2165.5±631.5b | 2132.7±677.7 |
| Carbohydrates (% kcal)1 | 48.9±7.3 | 48.8±6.6 | 48.4±7.4 |
| Protein (% kcal)1 | 16.3±2.9 | 16.1±2.3 | 16.2±2.5 |
| Fat (% kcal)1 | 34.7±6.0 | 34.8±5.6 | 35.4±6.0 |
| SFA (% kcal)1 | 11.8±3.0 | 11.9±2.9 | 12.3±3.7b |
| PUFA (% kcal)1 | 4.3±1.6 | 4.2±1.5 | 4.3±1.4 |
| Fiber (g/day)1 | 21.7±10.5 | 21.0±8.1 | 21.0±9.8 |
| Alcohol (g/day)3 | 10.0 (30.0) | 5.0 (30.0) | 10.0 (20.0) |
| Dinner intakes | |||
| Kcal1 | 522.4±236.3 | 860.1±284.1a | 1353.4±477.5a |
| Variance of kcal from dinner | 55849.7 | 80718.3 | 227985.4 |
| Protein (% kcal)1 | 18.7±3.0 | 18.6±2.3 | 18.6±2.6 |
| Fat (% kcal)1 | 35.5±6.0 | 35.6±5.6 | 36.2±6.0 |
| Fiber (g/1000 kcal)1 | 4.6±1.8 | 4.5±1.6 | 4.6±1.7 |
| Therapy | |||
| Estrogen/steroid drugs (%) | 5.9 | 6.2 | 6.2 |
| Antidepressant/antipsychotic drugs (%) | 4.0 | 2.6 | 3.5 |
| Oral hypoglycemic drugs/insulin (%) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
1
mean±SD.
2
eating occasion = every episode with ≥15% of the total daily caloric intake.
3
median (inter-quartile range).
a
p<0.01 vs tertile 1;
b
p<0.05 vs tertile 1; p-values were evaluated by ANOVA or chi-square-test.
Metabolic equivalent of the activity (MET); saturated fatty acids (SFA); polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA).